Innate lymphoid cells promote anatomical containment of lymphoid-resident commensal bacteria     

Sonnenberg GF  Monticelli LA  Alenghat T  Fung TC  Hutnick NA  Kunisawa J  Shibata N  Grunberg S  Sinha R  Zahm AM  Tardif MR  Sathaliyawala T  Kubota M  Farber DL  Collman RG  Shaked A  Fouser LA  Weiner DB  Tessier PA  Friedman JR  Kiyono H  Bushman FD  Chang KM  Artis D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6086):1321-1325

The mammalian intestinal tract is colonized by trillions of beneficial commensal bacteria that are anatomically restricted to specific niches. However, the mechanisms that regulate anatomical containment remain unclear. Here, we show that interleukin-22 (IL-22)-producing innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are present in intestinal tissues of healthy mammals. Depletion of ILCs resulted in peripheral dissemination of commensal bacteria and systemic inflammation, which was prevented by administration of IL-22. Disseminating bacteria were identified as Alcaligenes species originating from host lymphoid tissues. Alcaligenes was sufficient to promote systemic inflammation after ILC depletion in mice, and Alcaligenes-specific systemic immune responses were associated with Crohn's disease and progressive hepatitis C virus infection in patients. Collectively, these data indicate that ILCs regulate selective containment of lymphoid-resident bacteria to prevent systemic inflammation associated with chronic diseases.  相似文献   

Growing food justice by planting an anti-oppression foundation: opportunities and obstacles for a budding social movement     

Joshua Sbicca 《Agriculture and Human Values》2012,29(4):455-466

The food justice movement is a budding social movement premised on ideologies that critique the structural oppression responsible for many injustices throughout the agrifood system. Tensions often arise however when a radical ideology in various versions from multiple previous movements is woven into mobilization efforts by organizations seeking to build the activist base needed to transform the agrifood system. I provide a detailed case study of the People’s Grocery, a food justice organization in West Oakland, California, to show how anti-oppression ideology provides the foundation upon which food justice activists mobilize. People’s Grocery builds off of previous social justice movements within West Oakland, reflected in activist meaning making around ideas of social justice and autonomy. However, the ongoing mobilization process also faces complications stemming from diverse individual interpretations of food justice—that may not be reflected in the stated goals of food justice organizations—as well as structural constraints. Consequently, building a social movement premised on food justice opens up social spaces for new activism, but may not be a panacea for solving food-related racial and economic inequality. The findings have implications for newly forming food justice organizations, future research on the food justice movement, as well as for theories on social movement mobilization.  相似文献   

Gems of Oklahoma: 2013 SRM Meeting Technical Tours     

Joshua Ketch  Blayr Gourley 《Herpetological Monographs》2012,34(6):66-69

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Human-carnivore conflict in China: a review of current approaches with recommendations for improved management     

Pettigrew M  Xie Y  Kang A  Rao M  Goodrich J  Liu T  Berger J 《Integrative zoology》2012,7(2):210-226

Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a conservation concern that increasingly threatens the continued existence of some of the world's most endangered species. With an increase in human population, urban sprawl and subsequent encroachment on wild land, human and wildlife interaction has become inevitable. In the majority of cases, this interaction results in a negative outcome for humans, wildlife or both. In China, these key elements, along with a decrease in wild prey species, have resulted in the expansion of HWC encounters, and the need for alleviating this conflict has become a conservation priority. Loss of human life, livestock and/or crops is most often the catalysts that fuel HWC. Techniques to alleviate conflict around the world have included preventative measures and mitigation techniques, such as financial compensation and other incentive programs. Both types of measures have had variable success. We review the current status of human-carnivore conflict management in China, and, drawing lessons from around the globe, we make recommendations for improving conservation management in China. For example, an increase in law enforcement in nature reserves is vital to reducing human disturbance in prime carnivore habitat, thereby reducing conflict encounters. Also, modifications to current wildlife compensation programs, so that they are linked with preventative measures, will ensure that moral hazards are avoided. Furthermore, investigating the potential for a community self-financed insurance scheme to fund compensation and increasing efforts to restore wild prey populations will improve the outcome for wildlife conservation. Ultimately, HWC management in China will greatly benefit from an integrative approach.  相似文献   

Complete atrioventricular block secondary to cardiac lymphoma in a dog     

Joshua A. Stern  Jeremy R. Tobias  Bruce W. Keene 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2012,14(4):537-539

Third degree atrioventricular (AV) block was observed in a patient with a roughly spherical mass measuring approximately 1 × 1 × 1 cm, visible in the basilar portion of the interventricular septum on 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic examination. The patient had a brief history of lethargy and episodic collapse, and the owner elected to euthanize the dog after the mass lesion was discovered. Necropsy revealed multiple masses within the interventricular septum, ventricular free walls and atrial myocardium. The final diagnosis was large cell (T-cell) lymphosarcoma.  相似文献   

Prevalence and Significance of Parasites of Horses in Some States of Northern Nigeria     

David O. EHIZIBOLO  Joshua KAMANI  Peter O. EHIZIBOLO  Kinsley O. EGWU  Goni I. DOGO  Josiah O. SALAMI-SHINABA 《Journal of Equine Science》2012,23(1):1-4

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and significance of parasites of horses in northern Nigeria. Blood and faecal samples were randomly collected from 243 horses from different stables in some states of northern Nigeria for laboratory analyses. Fifty-seven horses (23.5%) were found infected with parasites. The hemoparasites detected, 21 (8.6%), include Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma evansi. The endoparasites encountered, 29 (11.9%) were Strongylus spp., Strongyloides spp., Oxyuris equi, Parascaris equorum, Paragonimus spp. and Dicrocoelium spp., 3 (1.2%) was Eimeria spp. Four horses (1.6%) had mixed infection of hemo- and endoparasites. This preliminary finding shows that parasitism is a problem in the horse stables examined, and calls for proper stable hygiene, routine tick control and regular deworming programme.  相似文献   

Actinomyces bowdenii ulcerative keratitis in a dog     

Amanda Sherman  Joshua B. Daniels  David A. Wilkie  Elizabeth Lutz 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2013,16(5):386-391

A 5‐year‐old spayed female diabetic mixed‐breed dog underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation to correct bilateral hypermature cataracts. Two months postsurgery, the patient presented with ulcerative keratitis and multifocal stromal abscessation OD, which was controlled, but never resolved, with topical fluoroquinolone therapy. The patient re‐presented 2 months later with a new, raised, white gritty corneal opacity associated with hyperemia, chemosis, and blepharospasm OD. Cytology of the right cornea revealed filamentous bacteria, suggestive of Actinomyces spp. Actinomyces bowdenii was subsequently isolated in pure culture and identified via 16s rDNA sequencing. Actinomyces bowdenii has never before been described as a cause of ocular infection. An immunosuppressed corneal environment likely contributed to this opportunistic Actinomycosis. The infection was not controlled with fluoroquinolone therapy, and the isolate, in vitro, was resistant to three fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin), which also has not been previously reported for this species of Actinomyces. A superficial keratectomy with conjunctival graft was employed to successfully manage the infection.  相似文献   

Farm and Village Forest Use Practice in Ekiti State: Analysis of Government Policy and Tenure Issues     

Joshua Kayode 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(4):321-328

This study analyzed the influence of government policy and tenure issues on farm and village forest use practices in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Three rural communities that were still far from urban influence were selected from each of the 16 local government areas of the state. In each community, 20 household heads were selected and interviewed with the aid of a semi-structured matrix. The interviews aimed at the determination of respondents' socioeconomic status, awareness and belief in the effectiveness or otherwise of the forest laws and regulations, land use, tenure and property rights. Results obtained revealed that the awareness of forest laws and regulations cut across the socio-economic categories. Most of these laws and regulations that were considered to be necessary could also constitute disincentives to sustainable forest development. Three types of land tenure niches—private holdings, commons, and government reserves—exist in the state. These led to land fragmentations in which individuals are now left with small holdings. Individuals with small and medium landholdings found it difficult to invest in tree planting; hence, they meet their subsistence use of wood and non-wood forest products from diverse sources. Individuals with large landholdings were found cultivating cash tree crops; timber species were not cultivated though their wildlings were preserved. Also, when land is let or leased out, tenants were not allowed to invest in tree planting on such land.  相似文献   

A Therapeutic Potential for Marine Skeletal Proteins in Bone Regeneration     

David W. Green  Matthew P. Padula  Jerran Santos  Joshua Chou  Bruce Milthorpe  Besim Ben-Nissan 《Marine drugs》2013,11(4):1203-1220

A vital ingredient for engineering bone tissue, in the culture dish, is the use of recombinant matrix and growth proteins to help accelerate the growth of cultivated tissues into clinically acceptable quantities. The skeletal organic matrices of calcifying marine invertebrates are an untouched potential source of such growth inducing proteins. They have the advantage of being ready-made and retain the native state of the original protein. Striking evidence shows that skeleton building bone morphogenic protein-2/4 (BMP) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) exist within various marine invertebrates such as, corals. Best practice mariculture and the latest innovations in long-term marine invertebrate cell cultivation can be implemented to ensure that these proteins are produced sustainably and supplied continuously. This also guarantees that coral reef habitats are not damaged during the collection of specimens. Potential proteins for bone repair, either extracted from the skeleton or derived from cultivated tissues, can be identified, evaluated and retrieved using chromatography, cell assays and proteomic methods. Due to the current evidence for bone matrix protein analogues in marine invertebrates, together with the methods established for their production and retrieval there is a genuine prospect that they can be used to regenerate living bone for potential clinical use.  相似文献   

Design and field evaluation of a ground robot for high-throughput phenotyping of energy sorghum     

Young  Sierra N.  Kayacan  Erkan  Peschel  Joshua M. 《Precision Agriculture》2019,20(4):697-722

Precision Agriculture - This article describes the design and field evaluation of a low-cost, high-throughput phenotyping robot for energy sorghum for use in biofuel production. High-throughput...  相似文献