Exploration of bacterial N2-fixation systems in association with soil-grown sugarcane,sweet potato,and paddy rice: a review and synthesis     

Tadakatsu Yoneyama  Junko Terakado-Tonooka  Kiwamu Minamisawa 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(6):578-590

N₂ fixation systems in the nonleguminous crops and bacteria associations have been intensively studied over the last 50 years. Their structure and regulation have been investigated to explore the enhancement of N acquisition in these ecosystems leading to crop-growth with minimum chemical fertilizers. Several lines of important evidence have been accumulated indicating that the magnitudes of associative (nonsymbiotic) N₂ fixation in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.), and paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) are agronomically significant. In these three crops, unique bacterial N₂-fixation systems may function in addition to the low-level activity (due to the competition in carbon/energy use) of the commonly occurring rhizosphere-associated system by free-living bacteria such as Beijerinckia, Azotobacter, and Klebsiella. Active expressions of the dinitrogenase reductase-encoded gene (nifH) phylogenetically similar to those of Bradyrhizobium spp. and Azorhizobium sp. were abundantly found in the N₂-fixing sugarcane stems, sweet potato stems, and storage tubers. These rhizobia micro-aerobically fix N₂ in the carbon compounds-rich apoplasts. Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and Herbaspirillum spp. were previously isolated from inside the sugarcane stems, as the candidates of endophytic N₂ fixers. However, the current molecular and physiological investigations suggest that their major role is production of phytohormonal substances. In paddy rice fields, methane is produced from organic compounds in anoxia and oxidized by contacting with oxygen gas. An active N₂-fixation by methane-oxidizing methanotrophs such as Methylosinus sp. takes place in the root tissues (aerenchyma) and also in the surface soil. This methanotrophic N₂-fixation supports the sustainability of soil fertility although the N₂-fixation and soil fertility are affected by chemical fertilizers. Finally, we discuss the ecological implications of the newly identified rhizobia and methanotroph systems in the N nutrition in nonlegumes and N reservation in field environments.  相似文献   

Seasonal variations in nutrient and carbohydrate levels of tall fescue cultivars in Japan     

Khorshid Razmjoo  Takayuki Imada  Junko Sugiura  Seiji Kaneko 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):1667-1679

Quality (color and density) of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) as a turfgrass is reduced during both the winter and summer in Japan. Seasonal variations in nutrient and carbohydrate levels of six cultivars of tall fescue were measured to determine if these changes are related to the reduction in the turf quality. There were significant differences among the cultivars in nutrient and carbohydrate levels. The nutrient and carbohydrate levels of tall fescue cultivars changed seasonally. Levels of calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) were below the sufficiency, but the concentrations of other nutrients were sufficient during the summer suggesting that the reduction in the quality of tall fescue cultivars during the summer in Japan may not be related to the lack of these nutrients in the plant tissues. The nitrogen (N), Ca, magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), Zn, iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) levels in the plant tissues were below the adequate range in the spring which could be attributed to high growth rate since no deficiency symptom was observed. With exception of Ca content, plants contained sufficient or more than sufficient nutrients in their tissues during the fall. Though concentrations of other nutrients were sufficient in the plant tissues in the winter, levels of N, Ca, Mg, P, molybdenum (Mo), Zn, and Cu were lower than plant's requirement which could be due to low temperature since availability of the nutrients reduces under low temperature. There were no deficiency symptoms of these nutrients, but lack of N in the plant tissue could be the cause of the reduction in the color of the tall fescue cultivare in winter. Levels of glucose, fructose, sucrose, fructan, and starch in the summer were higher or equal to those carbohydrate levels in the spring or fall suggesting that decline in tall fescue quality in Japan during the summer may not be related to carbohydrates shortages. Though starch levels were lower in the winter than other seasons, other carbohydrate levels were equal or higher than the levels in the spring and the total carbohydrate content was much higher in the winter than other seasons, suggesting that reduction in tall fescue quality in Japan during the winter may not be related to carbohydrates shortages.  相似文献   

Effect of CaCl2 treatment on the acclimatisation of mericlone seedlings of Cattleya and Phalaenopsis     

Jincai Li  Xiheng Zhao  Yasuyo Nishimura  Yasufumi Fukumoto 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(5):445-450

Summary

To increase resistance to environmental stress during the acclimatisation of mericlone seedlings of Cattleya and Phalaenopsis, seedlings were treated with CaCl₂. The effectiveness of CaCl₂ treatment on acclimatisation was determined by investigating the levels of anti-oxidative enzyme activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS), the amounts of chlorophyll and malondialdehyde (MDA), the net rate of photosynthesis (A), and the area of leaf-burn caused by high temperature injury. The activities of four anti-oxidative enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and peroxidase (POD)] in mericlone seedlings of Cattleya and Phalaenopsis increased with CaCl₂ treatment. The highest increase was in the treatment with 4 mM CaCl₂. Mericlone seedlings treated with 4 mM CaCl₂ had increased SOD, CAT, APX, and POD activities compared with the controls after 35 d of acclimatisation in a greenhouse. The levels of superoxide anions (O₂^?–) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) were also low. In line with this, any decrease in chlorophyll content, increase in MDA content, drop in A, or injury due to high temperature stress were mitigated by CaCl₂ treatment. These results show that CaCl₂ treatment is effective for the acclimatisation of mericlone seedlings of Cattleya and Phalaenopsis by increasing their resistance to environmental stress.  相似文献   

Phyto-purification of livestock-derived organic waste by forage rice under subtropical climate     

Kei Asada  Taku Nishimura  Chihiro Kato  Koki Toyota  Masaaki Hosomi 《Paddy and Water Environment》2013,11(1-4):559-571

Soil and water pollution caused by organic waste is a concern for livestock-breeding areas. Nitrogen balance in a paddy-field water-purifying system in which cattle feces were applied was studied for 4 years to assess the suitability of the system for a subtropical area, Japan. Three successive harvestings using ratoon of forage rice following one rice transplanting were conducted with chemical fertilizer and high and low rates of cattle-feces application. Nitrogen load was 81.3–495.0 kg N ha^?1 year^?1, while nitrogen uptake was highly dependent on the yield of the first harvesting. Annual variation of forage rice yields was large, ranging from 15.5 to 26.8 Mg ha^?1 owing to fluctuation in the yield at second and later harvestings. On average, nitrogen was lost by leaching at a rate of 2.3–3.4 kg N ha^?1 year^?1. The nitrogen content in soil at a depth of 0–5 cm increased up to 12.2 kg N ha^?1 over the 4-year period compared with that before the field experiment. However, continuous application of cattle feces could slightly increase the nitrogen content in soil at a depth greater than 35 cm. Our results showed the ability of flooded forage rice to remove nitrogen at up to 320.1 kg ha^?1 year^?1 for a field to which cattle feces were applied. Further investigation is needed to produce a high and stable yield at second harvesting each year, to prevent the accumulation of soil nitrogen, and to assess gaseous nitrogen loss.  相似文献   

Heterologous expression of gassericin A,a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus gasseri LA39     

Yasushi KAWAI  Kensuke ARAKAWA  Ayako ITOH  Boku SAITOH  Yasuyuki ISHII  Junko NISHIMURA  Haruki KITAZAWA  Takatoshi ITOH  Tadao SAITO 《Animal Science Journal》2003,74(1):45-51

Gassericin A, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus gasseri LA39, has a cyclic structure linking N‐ and C‐terminal amino acids. Gassericin A was expressed in Escherichia coli JM109 as a biotinylated fusion protein on the basis of the DNA sequence of mature bacteriocin. A positive clone accumulated the bacteriocin, with no activity, as a soluble fusion protein in the cytoplasm. After release of an N‐terminal tag with factor Xa protease, gassericin A was converted into an active peptide having N‐ and C‐termini. The total amount of purified bacteriocins (expressed and native) was 480 µg/L and 370 µg/L, respectively. However, the specific activity of expressed gassericin A was 15 AU/mg lower than that of native bacteriocin (2600 AU/mg). Although the actual Mr (molecular weight) of the expressed bacteriocin should be 5666, the peptide showed the same mobility (Mr 3800) in sodium dodecylsulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) as native cyclic gassericin A, suggesting that the expressed peptide retains compact folding of the molecule similar to that of native gassericin A.  相似文献   

Utstein‐style guidelines on uniform reporting of in‐hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs and cats. A RECOVER statement          下载免费PDF全文

Manuel Boller Dr med vet  MTR  DACVECC  Dan J. Fletcher DVM  PhD  DACVECC  Benjamin M. Brainard VMD  DACVECC  DACVAA  Kate Hopper BVSc  PhD  DACVECC  Vinay M. Nadkarni MD  MS  FCCM  Peter T. Morley MBBS  FRACP  FANZCA  FCICM  FERC  Maureen McMichael DVM  DACVECC  Ryohei Nishimura DVM  PhD  Joris H. Robben DVM  PhD  DECVECC  Elizabeth Rozanski DVM  DACVECC  DACVIM  Elke Rudloff DVM  DACVECC  John Rush DVM  MS  DACVIM  DACVECC  Andre Shih DVM  DACVAA  DACVECC  Sean Smarick VMD  DACVECC  Luis H. Tello MV  MS  DVM 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2016,26(1):11-34

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The relationship between the arrangement of wood strands at the surface of OSB and the modulus of rupture determined by image analysis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Takuya Nishimura  M. P. Ansell  N. Ando 《Wood Science and Technology》2001,35(6):555-562

The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the arrangement of wood strands at the surface of oriented strand board (OSB) and the modulus of rupture (MOR) determined by applying the technique of image analysis (IA). Fiber orientation was measured manually. In addition a CCD (charge coupled device) digital camera was used to automatically measure the fiber orientation at the surface of OSB. The total number of OSB samples evaluated was equal to 55, but variation in density was small and the coefficient of variation was only 4%. In contrast, the variation in MOR is wide and the coefficient of variation is 17%. Thus, the variation in density of OSB does not reflect variations in MOR. The relationship between the MOR and the average angle of fiber orientation resulted in a weak negative correlation (r=−0.44) as might be expected, as better axial orientation should improve MOR. The average strand area gave no correlation with MOR. Clearly, large strands which should enhance MOR may be heavily disoriented, whereas small strands which have less influence on the MOR might be well oriented. Hence no correlation between MOR and average strand area is observed. The prediction of MOR by using a multiple linear regression equation including density and fiber orientation factors is only moderately successful. Hence another factor must be identified to predict MOR accurately. The CCD camera measures fiber orientation at the OSB surface effectively. Received 29 March 1999  相似文献   

Growth and transpiration of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) and Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seedlings in response to soil water content   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Nagakura J  Shigenaga H  Akama A  Takahashi M 《Tree physiology》2004,24(11):1203-1208

To investigate the effects of soil water content on growth and transpiration of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) and Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold et Zucc.) Endl.), potted seedlings were grown in well-watered soil (wet treatment) or in drying soil (dry treatment) for 12 weeks. Seedlings in the wet treatment were watered once every 2 or 3 days, whereas seedlings in the dry treatment were watered when soil water content (Theta; m3 m(-3)) reached 0.30, equivalent to a soil matric potential of -0.06 MPa. From Weeks 7 to 12 after the onset of the treatments, seedling transpiration was measured by weighing the potted seedlings. After the last watering, changes in transpiration rate during soil drying were monitored intensely. The dry treatment restricted aboveground growth but increased biomass allocation to the roots in both species, resulting in no significant treatment difference in whole-plant biomass production. The species showed similar responses in relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and shoot mass ratio (SMR) to the dry treatment. Although NAR did not change significantly in either C. japonica or C. obtusa as the soil dried, the two species responded differently to the dry treatment in terms of mean transpiration rate (E) and water-use efficiency (WUE), which are parameters that relate to NAR. In the dry treatment, both E and WUE of C. japonica were stable, whereas in C. obtusa, E decreased and WUE increased (E and WUE counterbalanced to maintain a constant NAR). Transpiration rates were lower in C. obtusa seedlings than in C. japonica seedlings, even in well-watered conditions. During soil drying, the transpiration rate decreased after Theta reached about 0.38 (-0.003 MPa) in C. obtusa and 0.32 (-0.028 MPa) in C. japonica. We conclude that C. obtusa has more water-saving characteristics than C. japonica, particularly when water supply is limited.  相似文献   

Histochemical properties and collagen architecture of M. iliotibialis lateralis and M. puboischiofemoralis in male broilers with different growth rates induced by feeding at different planes of nutrition     

Roy BC  Oshima I  Miyachi H  Shiba N  Nishimura S  Tabata S  Iwamoto H 《British poultry science》2007,48(3):312-322

1. The histochemical properties and the collagen content and architecture of the iliotibialis lateralis (ITL) and puboischiofemoralis (PIF) muscles were assessed in Red Cornish x New Hampshire cockerels reared on a high nutrient plane for 80 d (H80d), or a low nutrient plane for 80 d (L80d) or 95 d (L95d). 2. Final live weights were 3410 g in H80d, 2810 g in L80d and 3467 g in L95d. Both ITL and PIF muscle weights were lowest in L80d and did not differ between H80d and L95d. 3. ITL muscle was composed of fast-twitch myofibres such as IIA (high reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase, NADH-DH activity), IIB (low NADH-DH activity) and IIC (intermediate NADH-DH activity). The high percentage of type IIB myofibres in H80d (76.6%) and L95d (76.2%) birds were reflected in low percentages of type IIC myofibres (12.2%) in H80d birds and type IIA myofibres (8.2%) in L95d birds. Percentages of IIA, IIB and IIC myofibres in L80d cockerels were 12.4, 69.8 and 17.6%, respectively. 4. The myofibres in PIF muscle were divided into two basic types, I and IIA, and a transitional form (I-tr) from IIA to I. In the caudal region, all myofibres in H80d and L95d cockerels were type I but in L80d cockerels 15% of myofibres were categorised as type I-tr. In the cranial region, the great majority (52 to 63%) of myofibres were type IIA. Type I myofibres occurred at a higher percentage in H80d (30.5%) than L95d (21.8%) and type I-tr in L95d (15.7%) than H80d (7.3%) and L80d (11.5%). 5. The total amount of collagen was higher in ITL than PIF muscle in every bird group. In both muscles the highest collagen content was in L95d cockerels but the content did not differ between H80d and L80d birds. The thickness of thick and thin perimysia increased with muscle size. The circular collagen fibre in the thick perimysium was larger in ITL (6.1 to 7.0 microm) than PIF (3.7 to 3.8 microm) muscle but did not differ among the bird groups. 6. From these results, it was concluded that feeding on a high nutritional plane promotes growth of the thigh muscles, with accompanying enlargement of the perimysial thickness, no increase in collagen content and various changes of histochemical properties.  相似文献   

Morphometric analysis of progressive changes in hereditary cerebellar cortical degenerative disease (abiotrophy) in rabbits caused by abnormal synaptogenesis     

Junko Sato  Naoaki Yamada  Ryosuke Kobayashi  Minoru Tsuchitani  Yoshiyasu Kobayashi 《Journal of toxicologic pathology》2015,28(2):73-78

We previously investigated rabbit hereditary cerebellar cortical degenerative disease, called cerebellar cortical abiotrophy in the veterinary field, and determined that the pathogenesis of this disease is the result of failed synaptogenesis between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells. In this study, longitudinal changes in the development and atrophy of the cerebellum of rabbits with hereditary abiotrophy after birth were morphometrically examined (postnatal day [PD] 15 and 42) using image analysis. Although development of the cerebellum in rabbits with abiotrophy was observed from PD 15 to PD 42, the growth rate of the cerebellum was less than that in normal rabbits. In rabbits with abiotrophy, the number of granular cells undergoing apoptosis was significantly higher at PD 15 and dramatically decreased at PD 42. The number of granular cells did not increase from PD 15 to 42. The synaptogenesis peak at PD 15 occurred when the largest number of apoptotic granular cells in rabbits with abiotrophy was observed. Although 26% to 36% of parallel fiber terminals formed synaptic junctions with Purkinje cell spines, the remainder did not at PD 15 and 42. The rate of failure of synaptogenesis in the present study might be specific to this case of abiotrophy. Morphometric analysis revealed detailed changes in development and atrophy in animals with postnatal cerebellar disease occurring soon after birth.  相似文献