Editorial. Public Health Nutrition as a field of practice     

Hughes R 《Public health nutrition》2004,7(5):585-586

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Microbial community changes in heathland soil communities along a geographical gradient: interaction with climate change manipulations     

Alwyn Sowerby  Bridget Emmett  Albert Tietema  Marc Estiarte  Steven Hughes 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2005,37(10):1805-1813

Climate change constitutes a serious threat for European heathlands as unlike other sources of damage, such as over-grazing, local remediation is not a possibility. Within the large pan-European projects, CLIMOOR and VULCAN, the effect of periodic drought and increased temperature were investigated in four heathland ecosystems along a geographical and climatic gradient across Europe. Fluorogenically labelled substrates for four enzymes (glucosidase, sulphatase, phosphatase, leucine amino peptidase) were used to measure extra-cellular enzyme activity in soil samples from each of the CLIMOOR sites. Microbial extra-cellular enzyme production is linked to microbial activity as well as soil physico-chemical properties, making soil enzymes one of the more reactive components of terrestrial ecosystems and potentially excellent indicators of soil microbial functional status and diversity.Across all sites and over all the substrates, organic matter content was exponentially, inversely related to enzyme activity. Although the increase in temperature produced by the CLIMOOR roofs was small (on average 0.9 °C), this was sufficient to increase enzyme activity in all sites (on average by 45%). The increase was within the range of seasonal variability at each of the sites. The effect of drought on enzyme activity was more pronounced in the Northern European sites than the southern European, and most moisture limited, site. This suggests that the effect of temperature increases may be observed across all regions; however, the soils of northern Europe may be more sensitive to changes in rainfall patterns than more moisture limited Southern European soils.  相似文献   

Molecular weight spectra of dissolved organic carbon in a rewetted Welsh peatland and possible implications for water quality     

N. Fenner  C. Freeman  S. Hughes  B. Reynolds 《Soil Use and Management》2001,17(2):106-112

Abstract. Demand for water from catchments dominated by upland peat as a source of drinking water supplies in the UK is likely to increase in the future as demand per capita continues to rise (Thomsen 1990) and/or summer droughts increase in frequency (Arnell 1992). Concern has been expressed in recent years over rising colour levels (related to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and iron (Fe)) from such catchments (e.g. Kay et al. 1989) causing reduced drinking water quality. One of the major causes of increased DOC concentrations is rewetting following periods of relative drought (Mitchell & McDonald 1992). Experimental rewetting of a naturally drained wetland in Mid‐Wales over four years was found to substantially increase the concentrations of DOC, and Fe in the pore‐water, with peak values of >60 mg dm^–3 (Fe) and >300 mg dm^–3 (DOC) after rewetting, compared with typical values of <1 mgdm^–3 (Fe) and <15 mg dm^–3 (DOC) under the drained conditions. Seasonal peak concentrations of Fe and DOC have since remained at these higher levels. Rewetting produced a selective enrichment of the >5000 to <90 000 apparent molecular weight (AMW) material and this fraction was found to yield peak Fe concentrations. Two additional peaks of DOC were also found in the experimental wetland (not present in the control wetland), of >90 000 to <200 000 AMW and >200 000 AMW material. The AMW spectrum of DOC in the experimental wetland changed with season, and the >90 000 to <200 000 AMW fraction could only be seen in spring, representing a transient pool of carbon that is rapidly transformed in or transported from the wetland. These findings suggest that rewetting of peatland following drought (e.g. due to climate change) has the potential to reduce water quality. Moreover, recent interest in restoration (rewetting) of drained peatlands (Wheeler & Shaw 1995) could create an additional source of DOC rich water.  相似文献   

Controlling microbial contamination on beef and lamb meat during processing   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

PR WIDDERS  KJ COATES  S. WARNER  JC BEATTIE  IR MORGAN  MW HICKEY† 《Australian veterinary journal》1995,72(6):208-211

SUMMARY The microbiological quality of carcases, meat and environmental surfaces was evaluated in commercial boning rooms processing beef and lamb. There was considerable variation in the level of microbial contamination on both carcases and meat, with counts ranging from less than 20 to 10⁸/cm² on carcases and to 2 times 10⁷/cm² on meat. The level of microbial contamination on meat was influenced by the level of carcase contamination at boning and by the boning process itself. Carcase contamination was the major determinant of microbiological quality, as more than 70% of carcases had microbial counts greater than 10³/cm². Cutting boards were a major source for microbial dissemination during boning, particularly when carcase counts were less than 10³/cm². If carcases were heavily contaminated, the contamination of processing surfaces was irrelevant in determining microbial loads on meat. Where carcase contamination was at low to moderate levels, the contribution of the boning process to the contamination on meat assumed increased significance. Under these conditions, improved sanitation of cutting surfaces in the boning room resulted in a significant reduction in microbial contamination on the surface of meat. These results can form the basis for ensuring that improvements made in carcase management before boning, to improve microbiological quality, will be preserved through attention to cutting board hygiene during boning.  相似文献   

Survey of field outbreaks of avian infectious laryngotracheitis in England and Wales.     

C S Hughes  R M Gaskell  J M Bradbury  F T Jordan  R C Jones 《The Veterinary record》1991,129(12):258-260

Field outbreaks of infectious laryngotracheitis in commercial chicken flocks in England and Wales between 1985 and 1988 were investigated. Material from 49 outbreaks was submitted to Liverpool University, and virus was isolated from 17 of them. The results of a questionnaire on each outbreak are described. Generally, the disease was of moderate severity, and mainly affected laying flocks; it occurred in birds of a wide age range but most of the outbreaks were in birds between 10 and 20 weeks of age. The disease was not seen more frequently at any particular time of the year, and there was no evidence of a common source of infection. Three of the affected flocks had recently been moved and were beginning to lay; these stresses may have caused the re-excretion of latent virus.  相似文献   

THE GRASSLANDS OF EAST ANGLIA     

G. Pearson  Hughes 《Grass and Forage Science》1963,18(3):243-246

Because in the past the main emphasis was placed on arable farming, grassland husbandry has played a minor role in East Anglia. Now the increased efficiency exercised in the arable farming of the area is being applied to the grasslands. The main trends are discussed.  相似文献   

Reply     

KJ SLEE  LR STEPHENS 《Australian veterinary journal》1989,66(5):160-160

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Promazine Thiambutane Pentobarbitone Anaesthesia in the Dog     

T. Hughes Ellis F.R.C.V.S. 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》1970,1(1):17-17

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ERADICATION OF BRUCELLOSIS AND TUBERCULOSIS     

K. L. Hughes 《Australian veterinary journal》1981,57(9):421-421

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Lymphocyte populations in the synovial membranes of dogs with rheumatoid arthritis.     

C May  D E Hughes  S D Carter  D Bennett 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1992,31(3-4):289-300

Lymphocyte populations in the synovial membranes of dogs with canine rheumatoid arthritis (CRA) were investigated by immunohistochemical staining techniques. T-lymphocytes were the predominant cell type distributed throughout the supporting layer of the synovial membranes. B-lymphocytes expressing IgG were seen far more commonly than those expressing either IgA or IgM. Synovial membrane biopsies from normal and osteoarthritic joints did not have the marked cellular infiltrates seen in joints with CRA. The synovial immunohistopathological features in dogs with CRA are similar to those seen in human rheumatoid arthritis.  相似文献