Seasonal variations in nutrient and carbohydrate levels of tall fescue cultivars in Japan     

Khorshid Razmjoo  Takayuki Imada  Junko Sugiura  Seiji Kaneko 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):1667-1679

Quality (color and density) of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) as a turfgrass is reduced during both the winter and summer in Japan. Seasonal variations in nutrient and carbohydrate levels of six cultivars of tall fescue were measured to determine if these changes are related to the reduction in the turf quality. There were significant differences among the cultivars in nutrient and carbohydrate levels. The nutrient and carbohydrate levels of tall fescue cultivars changed seasonally. Levels of calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) were below the sufficiency, but the concentrations of other nutrients were sufficient during the summer suggesting that the reduction in the quality of tall fescue cultivars during the summer in Japan may not be related to the lack of these nutrients in the plant tissues. The nitrogen (N), Ca, magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), Zn, iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) levels in the plant tissues were below the adequate range in the spring which could be attributed to high growth rate since no deficiency symptom was observed. With exception of Ca content, plants contained sufficient or more than sufficient nutrients in their tissues during the fall. Though concentrations of other nutrients were sufficient in the plant tissues in the winter, levels of N, Ca, Mg, P, molybdenum (Mo), Zn, and Cu were lower than plant's requirement which could be due to low temperature since availability of the nutrients reduces under low temperature. There were no deficiency symptoms of these nutrients, but lack of N in the plant tissue could be the cause of the reduction in the color of the tall fescue cultivare in winter. Levels of glucose, fructose, sucrose, fructan, and starch in the summer were higher or equal to those carbohydrate levels in the spring or fall suggesting that decline in tall fescue quality in Japan during the summer may not be related to carbohydrates shortages. Though starch levels were lower in the winter than other seasons, other carbohydrate levels were equal or higher than the levels in the spring and the total carbohydrate content was much higher in the winter than other seasons, suggesting that reduction in tall fescue quality in Japan during the winter may not be related to carbohydrates shortages.  相似文献   

Response of enzyme activities and metabolic intermediate concentrations to a long burst of exercise and following resting in muscle and the hepatopancreas of carp     

Tsuyoshi Sugita  Sadao Shimeno  Nobuyuki Nakano  Hidetsuyo Hosokawa  Toshiro Masumoto 《Fisheries Science》2001,67(5):904-911

ABSTRACT: The responses of enzyme activities and metabolic intermediate concentrations to a long burst of exercise and following resting were examined in muscle and the hepatopancreas of carp Cyprinus carpio . A 15 min burst of exercise made the fish so exhausted that they could not swim any more. In muscle, the exercise decreased glycogen content significantly and increased lactate content significantly, resulting in a lowered pH. Furthermore, the burst of exercise decreased phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity significantly, although it changed adenosine-5'-monophosphate, adenosine-5'-diphosphate, adenosine-5'-triphosphate, fructose-6-phosphate and citrate concentrations within ranges that could activate PFK. In the hepatopancreas, the exercise increased glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bis-phosphatase activities, and glucose and lactate concentrations in the serum, and it decreased glycogen content. Even at 3 h resting after the burst of exercise, the fish had not completely restored many parameters. These results suggest that although the fish tried to enhance in vivo muscular glycolysis through the activation of PFK by changes in metabolic intermediate concentrations, glycolysis seemed to decrease markedly through the inhibition of PFK as a result of the lowered pH. However, the hepatopancreas made a contribution to muscular exercise through glucose supplementation by enhanced gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, indicating the presence of an interdependence of carbohydrate metabolism between muscle and the hepatopancreas in the fish.  相似文献   

Comparison of field and laboratory microcosm methods on the mass loss ofQuercus serrata andPinus densiflora leaf litter     

Eric F. Salamanca  Nobuhiro Kaneko  Shigeo Katagiri 《Journal of Forest Research》1997,2(3):159-164

The decay rates of Japanese Konara Oak (Quercus serrata Murray) and Japanese Red Pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) leaf litter were monitored for one year. It aimed to compare the decomposition of leaf litter using microcosms set up in the field (FM) and in the greenhouse (GM), with the litterbag (LB) method as control. Results showed that incubation setting affected the decay rate (k), respiration rates and the changes in the concentrations of nitrogen (N). Thek value ofQuercus in FM was higher than LB, while thek value ofPinus was higher in the LB than in FM. The decay ratesk for both species, however, were significantly lower in GM than FM and LB, clearly suggesting that decay rate was inhibited in the greenhouse. Significant differences in microclimatic variables and soil biological activities (soil respiration) existed between greenhouse and field microcosms, hence, the decay rates were affected. The N concentrations for both litter types increased as decomposition proceeded. Decomposition studies using laboratory microcosm approach alone may lead to erroneous conclusions especially if no appropriate field studies are conducted along with it. Part of this paper was presented at the XXth International Union of Forestry Research Organization (IUFRO) World Congress, August 6–12, 1995, Tampere, Finland.  相似文献   

Distribution of the larch brown rust caused byTriphragmiopsis laricinum (Uredinales) in Russian Far East     

Yoshitaka Ono  Zinaida M. Azbukina  Makoto Kakishima  Shigeru Kaneko 《Journal of Forest Research》1997,2(4):227-231

The larch brown rust caused byTriphragmiopsis laricinum was found onLarix cajandri in Primorsky Territory, Russia. This was a new host and locality record for the pathogen. Preliminary survey of the disease incidence in several localities in East and Northeast Russia and Yakutia-Sakha Republic indicated the restricted distribution of the rust in a few localities in Primorsky Territory. As previously reported in China,T. laricinum was proved to form uredinia in nature and to be able to propagate vegetatively by urediniospores. This suggests the fungus could become a devastating pathogen threatening a large-scale larch plantation in Far East of Russia. Field observations and the failure of basidiospore inoculation onto larch needles suggest the heteroecious life cycle ofT. laricinum.  相似文献   

Compressive deformation of wood impregnated with low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin V: effects of steam pretreatment     

Md. Iftekhar Shams  Toshiro Morooka  Hiroyuki Yano 《Journal of Wood Science》2006,52(5):389-394

This study evaluated the potential of steam pre-treatment for making highly compressed phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin-impregnated wood at a low pressing pressure. Sawn veneers of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) were first subjected to saturated steam at different steaming temperatures (140°-200°C), followed by impregnation with a 20% low molecular weight PF resin aqueous solution resulting in a weight gain of around 50%-55%. Four oven-dried treated veneers were laminated and compressed up to a pressing pressure of 1 MPa at a pressing temperature of 150°C and pressing speed of 5 mm/min, and the pressure was held for 30 min. Steam treatment, causing partial hydrolysis of hemicellulose, accelerated the compressibility of Japanese cedar in the PF resin-swollen condition. As a consequence, a discernible increment in density was achieved at a pressing pressure of 1 MPa due to steam pretreatment between 140° and 200°C for 10 min. It was also found that even a short steaming time such as 2 min at 160°C is sufficient for obtaining appreciable compression of PF resin-impregnated wood. The density, Young’s modulus, and bending strength of steam-treated (200°C for 10 min) PF resin-impregnated wood composite reached 1.09 g/cm³, 20 GPa, and 207MPa, respectively. In contrast, the values of untreated PF resin-impregnated wood composite were 0.87 g/cm³, 13 GPa, and 170MPa, respectively.  相似文献   

Isolation and identification of F-spondin in the boar testis and its production during testis growth     

Ohnuma K  Kaneko H  Noguchi J  Kikuchi K  Ozawa M  Hasegawa Y 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2007,53(1):151-158

F-spondin/vascular smooth muscle cell growth-promoting factor (VSGP), purified from the follicular fluid of adult bovine ovaries, has been identified as a promoter of neuronal differentiation and vascular smooth muscle growth. The objectives of the present study were (1) to clarify whether F-spondin is also produced in the testis, which is ontogenically equivalent to the ovary, and (2) to examine whether production of this protein changes with testicular growth. To isolate F-spondin from the testis, testicular homogenates obtained from 8-week-old boars were sequentially subjected to heparin-Sepharose chromatography, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-Sepharose chromatography, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The isolated protein had a molecular mass of approximately 110 kDa and was cross-reactive with anti-F-spondin antibody by Western blotting. The purified protein was further characterized by amino acid sequence analysis of its internal peptide. The sequence obtained was GEQCNIVPDN VD, and a homology search indicated that the purified protein is a homologue of rat, human, and bovine F-spondin. By fractionation of the same amounts of testis tissue obtained from 1-, 8-, 16-, and 40-week-old boars, we analyzed age-related production of F-spondin in the testis. Western blotting of the fractions obtained from RP-HPLC revealed the presence of a band at approximately 110 kDa, corresponding to F-spondin, in the testes obtained from boars between 1 and 16 weeks old, but this band was not detected at 40 weeks. These results clearly indicate that (1) the porcine testis produces F-spondin and that (2) production of this protein is evident in the immature porcine testis, but not the adult testis.  相似文献   

Microbial Biomass and Tolerance of Microbial Community on an Aged Heavy Metal Polluted Floodplain in Japan   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Takafumi Kamitani  Hirosuke Oba  Nobuhiro Kaneko 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2006,172(1-4):185-200

The objective of the present study was to increase understanding of the effects of heavy metal pollution and soil properties on microorganisms in relation to the biomass and microbial functional community. Soil samples were collected from aged polluted and reference sites on a floodplain. The soil Cu, Zn and Pb total concentrations were much higher at the polluted sites (average 231.6–309.9 mg kg^?1, 195.7–233.0 mg kg^?1, and 72.4–86.0 mg kg^?1, respectively) than at the reference site (average 33.3–44.0 mg kg^?1, 76.7–98.0 mg kg^?1, and 30.8–41.6 mg kg^?1, respectively), while the available heavy metal concentrations in CaCl₂ extraction were similar in all sites. Small seasonal variations in the size of microbial biomass were observed. Ambient soil properties (e.g. total C, N, pH, moisture content, and CEC) affected the soil microbial biomass more than the heavy metal pollution. However, the aged pollution tended to impact on the composition of the microbial community. PICT (pollution-induced community tolerance) test using BIOLOG Ecoplates showed enhanced tolerance of the microbial community to Cu stress in the polluted site. In non polluted but low nutrient, low pH and low moisture soil, the microbial biomass was lower and the microbial community was more vulnerable to Cu stress. In spite of the low heavy metal availability due to ageing, the BIOLOG technique provided sensitive detection of microbial community level changes in PICT analysis.  相似文献   

Oribatid mite community structure and tree species diversity: A link?     

Nobuhiro Kaneko  Yasunori Sugawara  Toshizumi Miyamoto  Motohiro Hasegawa  Tsutom Hiura 《Pedobiologia》2005,49(6):521-528

Differences in tree species may lead to contrasting soil environments via differences in litter chemical quality and physical environmental factors, such as soil type and soil moisture. However, separating the effects of litter quality and physical environment is difficult under field conditions. Both litter quality and soil environment affect the species composition of the soil animal community. A diversity gradient of canopy tree species (11–25 species) located on homogeneous soil substrate at Tomakomai Experimental Forest of Hokkaido University was used to analyse the relationship between tree species diversity and oribatid mite community structure. Soil samples were collected from three levels of tree species richness (high, intermediate and low) with three replicates each, in July 2000. Leaf area index (LAI) was positively correlated with tree species diversity suggesting higher litter input into the soils with increasing tree diversity. However, the tree species diversity gradient affected neither accumulation of litter on the forest floor nor abundance and species richness of oribatid mites. Canopy and understory plant species richness, LAI, total soil carbon and biomass of epigeic and endogeic earthworms did not significantly affect mite community structure as indicated by redundancy analysis (RDA). The results suggest that oribatid mite community structure is minimally affected by tree species diversity and associated changes in litter diversity.  相似文献   

Metabolism of 7-fluoro-6-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimido)-4- (2-propynyl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (S-53482) in rat. 1. Identification of a sulfonic acid type conjugate     

Tomigahara Y  Matsui M  Matsunaga H  Isobe N  Kaneko H  Nakatsuka I  Yoshitake A  Yamane S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1999,47(1):305-312

To examine the metabolic fate of 7-fluoro-6-(3,4,5, 6-tetrahydrophthalimido)-4-(2-propynyl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3( 4H)-one (S-53482), rats were given a single oral dose of [phenyl-(14)C]-S-53482 at 1 (low) or 100 (high) mg/kg. The radiocarbon was almost completely eliminated within 7 days after administration in both groups. (14)C recoveries (expressed as percentages relative to the dosed (14)C) in feces and urine were 56-72 and 31-43%, respectively, for the low dose and 78-85 and 13-23%, respectively, for the high dose. S-53482 and seven metabolites were identified in urine and feces. Six of them were purified by several chromatographic techniques and identified by spectroanalyses (NMR and MS). Alcohol derivatives and an acetoanilide derivative were isolated from urine. Three sulfonic acid conjugates having a sulfonic acid group incorporated into the double bond of the 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide moiety were isolated from feces. On the basis of the metabolites identified in this study, the metabolic pathways of S-53482 in rats are proposed.  相似文献   

Phylogenetic Analysis of Soybean-Nodulating Rhizobia Isolated from Alkaline Soils in Vietnam     

Yuichi Saeki  Ai Kaneko  Toshiaki Hara  Koutaro Suzuki  Takeo Yamakawa  Minh Thi Nguyen  Yoshitaka Nagatomo  Shoichiro Akao 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2005,51(7):1043-1052

In order to analyze the phylogeny of soybean-nodulating bacteria in alkaline soils in Vietnam, indigenous soybean-nodulating bacteria were isolated from root nodules by cultivating three kinds of Rj -soybean cultivars on two alkaline soils in Vietnam. The 120 isolates were classified into two major genera of soybean-nodulating rhizobia, namely Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium genera, based on a growth analysis on medium and PCR-RFLP analyses of 16S rDNA and of the 16S–23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Most of the isolates of B. japonicum were extra-slow-growing and their ITS types were similar to that of B. japonicum USDA 135. They were not isolated from the soybean cultivar CNS used as Rj₂Rj₃ genotype. Isolates of Sinorhizobium were divided into two groups, S. fredii and S. sp., based on a PCR-RFLP analysis of 16S rDNA. Furthermore, PCR-RFLP analysis of the 16S–23S rDNA ITS region enabled to separate them into five types, three ITS types associated with S. fredii and two with S. sp. Sinorhizobium was frequently isolated from the three soybean cultivars on two soils. From the isolate ratio, it was suggested that B. japonicum strains similar to B. japonicum USDA 135 and S. fredii predominated in the alkaline soils of Vietnam. Additionally, our findings indicated that the Rj -genotypes affected not only the compatibility, but also the preference for nodulation between the host soybean and rhizobia.  相似文献