Reliability of an expert-based runoff and erosion model: Application of STREAM to different environments     

Olivier Evrard  Olivier Cerdan  Bas van Wesemael  Mehdi Chauvet  Yves Le Bissonnais  Damien Raclot  Karel Vandaele  Patrick Andrieux  Charles Bielders 《CATENA》2009

During the last decades, the European loess belt has been confronted with a significant increase in environmental problems due to erosion on agricultural land. Spatially distributed runoff and erosion models operating at the catchment scale are therefore needed to evaluate the impact of potential mitigation measures. Expert-based models offer an alternative solution to process-based and empirical models, but their decision rules are only valid for the local conditions for which they have been derived. The STREAM model, which was developed in Normandy (France), has been applied in two Belgian catchments having a similar soil texture, as well as in a catchment of southern France differing by soil, land use and climate characteristics. The performance of hydrological models can be assessed for instance by calculating the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency criterion (E_NS). When applied to Belgium, the model results are satisfactory to good after an adaptation of the decision rules (0.90 < E_NS < 0.93 for runoff predictions and 0.85 < E_NS < 0.89 for erosion predictions). Given the important environmental differences between Normandy and southern France, the model rules were also adapted for application in the latter environment. Unfortunately, the quality of runoff predictions was insufficient to simulate erosion in southern France. In conclusion, STREAM is a reliable model providing satisfactory runoff and erosion predictions in the regions where hortonian overland flow dominates. Nevertheless, an adaptation of decision rules based on local multi-scale (plot, field, catchment) data is needed, before running the model. STREAM can then serve as a decision support tool to design for instance flood control measures.  相似文献   

Impact of an Urban Environment on Trace Element Concentrations in Domestically Produced Lettuce (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactuca sativa L.</Emphasis>)     

Karel Folens  Marie-Christine Van Labeke  Gijs Du Laing 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2017,228(12):457

Urban horticulture is gaining more and more attention in the context of sustainable food supply. Yet, cities are exposed to (former) industrial activities and traffic, responsible for emission of contaminants. Trace elements were monitored in soils located in the urban environment of Ghent (Belgium) and 84 samples of Lactuca satica L. lettuce grown on it. The effects of cultivation in soil versus trays, neighbouring traffic and washing of the lettuce before consumption were studied. The 0–30 cm top layer of soils appeared heterogenic in composition and enriched in Co, Cd, Ni and Pb within 10 m from the nearest road. Yet, no similar elevated concentrations could be found in the crops, except for As. Besides uptake from the roots, the presence of trace elements in the plants is also caused by the atmospheric deposition of airborne particulate matter on the leaf surface. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that this latter transport pathway might particularly be the case for Pt, Pd and Rh. Concentrations of Cd did not exceed the 0.2 mg kg^?1 (fresh weight) threshold for Cd in leafy vegetables set by the European Commission. Measurements to reduce the health risks include the washing of lettuce, which effectively reduced the number of samples trespassing the maximum Pb level of 0.3 mg kg^?1 (fresh weight). Also, cultivation in trays resulted in a lower As content in the plants. Taking into account a vigilance on crop selection, cultivation substrate and proper washing before consumption are considered essential steps for safe domestic horticulture in urban environments.  相似文献   

Physical parameter estimation in spatial heat transport models with an application to food storage     

Simon van Mourik  Dirk Vries  Johan P.M. Ploegaert  Hans Zwart  Karel J. Keesman 《Biosystems Engineering》2012,112(1):14-21

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Soil erosion and runoff: The need to rethink mitigation strategies for sustainable agricultural landscapes in western Europe     

John Boardman  Karel Vandaele 《Soil Use and Management》2023,39(2):673-685

Agricultural landscapes that are intensively farmed, as in western Europe, face the challenge of a transition to more sustainable systems. Although erosion rates are relatively low in western Europe, the agricultural landscape is confronted by the need to mitigate the off-site impacts of erosion. An important challenge is that of disrupting connectivity between runoff and sediment sources, often farmers' fields, and freshwater systems or local communities. Mitigation strategies should include monitoring of erosion rates and off-site impacts and a mix of engineered and alternative measures such as buffer strips and retention ponds. Also needed are supportive government policies and actions including awareness of institutional memory problems and the promotion of farmer education. For the future, the risk of climate change must be appreciated and built into the planning of comprehensive mitigation strategies. Our perspective is that the overall aim should be a ‘sustainable agricultural landscape’ and not simply a reduction of erosion and runoff on farmers' fields.  相似文献   

Zum Problem der Nebenwirkungen von Insektiziden in den Agrocoenosen     

Václav Skuhravý  Karel Novák 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1968,15(3):289-298

Zusammenfassung Die Nebenwirkung von Insektiziden auf die Lebensgemeinschaften der Kulturen ist desto tiefer und durchgreifender, um je dauerhaftere Kulturen es sich handelt. Obwohl in den Agrocoenosen Selbstregulation und Gleichgewicht fehlen, bestehen hier doch bedeutende quantitative Zusammenhänge zwischen Schädlingen und ihren Räubern und Parasiten. Diese Zusammenhänge werden an Beispielen von Hauptschädlingen der Hackfrüchte dargestellt.Es wird vorgeschlagen, schon bei der Prüfung von Insektiziden die Wirkungsweise des Insektizides auf die wichtigsten natürlichen Feinde von Schädlingen zu untersuchen.

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Summary In the agrocoenoses the intensity of the side effects of insecticides is in proportion to the degree of permanency of the cultures. Although the agrocoenoses do not represent a self-regulated and balanced ecological unit, there are, however, quantitative correlations between the pests and their predators and parasites. These interrelations are demonstrated by examples from the main pests of the root crops.It is suggested that the effects of insecticides on the most important natural enemies of the pests be examined already in the testing stage of the insecticides.

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Résumé Les effects secondaires des insecticides sur les agrocénoses sont d'autant plus importants et actifs qu'il s'agit de cultures permanentes. Bien que des régulations spontanées et l'equilibre manquent dans les agrocénoses, il existe done d'importants rapports quantitatifs entre les insectes nuisibles et leurs prédateurs et leurs parasites. Ces rapports seront illustrés par des exemples des principaux insectes nuisibles aux plantes sarclées.On propose d'étudier, dès la mise à l'essai des différents insecticides, le mode d'action de chaque insecticide sur les ennemis naturels les plus importants des insectes nuisibles.

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mit 5 Fig.

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Vortrag, gehalten am 4. September 1967 auf dem VI. Internationalen Pflanzenschutzkongress in Wien.  相似文献   

Invasive Chinese pond mussel Sinanodonta woodiana threatens native mussel reproduction by inducing cross‐resistance of host fish          下载免费PDF全文

Seth W. Donrovich  Karel Douda  Věra Plechingerová  Kateřina Rylková  Pavel Horký  Ondřej Slavík  Huan‐Zhang Liu  Martin Reichard  Manuel Lopes‐Lima  Ronaldo Sousa 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2017,27(6):1325-1333

Chlorophyll <Emphasis Type="Italic">a</Emphasis> fluorescence,under half of the adaptive growth-irradiance,for high-throughput sensing of leaf-water deficit in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis thaliana</Emphasis> accessions     

Kumud?B.?MishraEmail author  Anamika?Mishra  Kate?ina?Novotná  Barbora?Rapantová  Petra?Hodaňová  Otmar?Urban  Karel?Klem 《Plant methods》2016,12(1):46

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Binding of fibronectin to Escherichia coli isolated from bovine mastitis from different geographical regions   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A Faris  K Krovacek  G Fr?man  T Wadstr?m 《Veterinary microbiology》1987,15(1-2):129-136

Seventy strains of Escherichia coli, isolated from bovine mastitis in Australia, Denmark, Norway and the U.S.A., were tested for their ability to bind fibronectin. Fifty-three strains (76%) interacted with iodinated fibronectin at a level exceeding 5% of the total radioactivity added. Binding of the amino-terminal (29 kD) fragment of fibronectin was tested for 15 strains, and 6 strains (40%) bound greater than 5%. Bacteria binding the 29 kD fragment at greater than or equal to 19% of the added protein, consistently showed "high" attachment to bovine skin fibroblasts. These cells were shown by immunofluorescence to produce extracellular matrix containing fibronectin. Strains binding lower amounts of fibronectin or 29 kD fragment adhered poorly to these fibroblasts.  相似文献   

Expression of Marek's disease virus phosphorylated polypeptide pp38 produces splice variants and enhances metabolic activity     

Li X  Jarosinski KW  Schat KA 《Veterinary microbiology》2006,117(2-4):154-168

The phosphorylated polypeptide (pp)38 of oncogenic Marek's disease (MD) herpesvirus (MDV) is expressed during lytic infections in vivo and in vitro, but its functions have not been fully elucidated. The quail cell line QT-35, latently infected with MDV, was used to generate QTP32 in which pp38 is expressed under control of a tetracycline controlled promoter to examine possible functions of pp38. Induction of pp38 did not influence late MDV genes expression, but it enhanced mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity significantly. Two new pp38 splice variants were found in induced QTP32 cells, in additional in vitro systems and MDV-infected chickens. Differential expression of full-length pp38 and splice variants suggests that the splice variants are important during latency and perhaps transformation. Polypeptides of 40 and 20kDa were detected by Western blot using monoclonal antibody H19. These polypeptides were also produced in DF-1 cells transfected with a pp38 construct in which the splice acceptor sites had been mutated. Our results add important new information to the role of pp38 in the pathogenesis of MD. The data suggest that pp38 and the two newly described splice variants may influence metabolic activity, which may have important consequences for the understanding of latency and tumor development.  相似文献   

Sequence analysis of a "true" chalcone synthase (chs_H1) oligofamily from hop (Humulus lupulus L.) and PAP1 activation of chs_H1 in heterologous systems     

Matousek J  Vrba L  Skopek J  Orctova L  Pesina K  Heyerick A  Baulcombe D  De Keukeleire D 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(20):7606-7615

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