Linking changes in the soil microbial community to C and N dynamics during crop residue decomposition          下载免费PDF全文

Cyrine REZGUI  Isabelle TRINSOUTROT-GATTIN  Marie BENOIT  Karine LAVAL  Wassila RIAH-ANGLET 《农业科学学报》2021,20(11):3039-3059

Crop residues are among the main inputs that allow the organic carbon (C) and nutrients to be maintained in agricultural soil. It is an important management strategy that can improve soil fertility and enhance agricultural productivity. This work aims to evaluate the extent of the changes that may occur in the soil heterotrophic microbial communities involved in organic matter decomposition and C and nitrogen (N) mineralization after the addition of crop residues. Soil microcosm experiments were performed at 28°C for 90 days with the addition of three crop residues with contrasting biochemical qualities: pea (Pisum sativum L.), rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Enzyme activities, C and N mineralization, and bacterial and fungal biomasses were monitored, along with the bacterial and fungal community composition, by the high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and ITS genes. The addition of crop residues caused decreases in β-glucosidase and arylamidase activities and simultaneous enhancement of the C mineralization and net N immobilization, which were linked to changes in the soil microbial communities. The addition of crop residues decreased the bacterial and fungal biomasses 90 days after treatment and there were shifts in bacterial and fungal diversity at the phyla, order, and genera levels. Some specific orders and genera were dependent on crop residue type. For example, Chloroflexales, Inquilinus, Rubricoccus, Clitocybe, and Verticillium were identified in soils with pea residues; whereas Thermoanaerobacterales, Thermacetogenum, and Hypoxylon were enriched in soils with rapeseed residues, and Halanaerobiales, Rubrobacter, and Volutella were only present in soils with wheat residues. The findings of this study suggest that soil C and N dynamics in the presence of the crop residues were driven by the selection of specific bacterial and fungal decomposers linked to the biochemical qualities of the crop residues. If crop residue decomposition processes showed specific bacterial and fungal operational taxonomic unit (OTU) signatures, this study also suggests a strong functional redundancy that exists among soil microbial communities.  相似文献   

Skin Temperature during Cutaneous Wound Healing in an Equine Model of Cutaneous Fibroproliferative Disorder: Kinetics and Anatomic‐Site Differences     

Karine Deschesne PhD  Christopher B. Riley BVSc  PhD  Diplomate ACVS  Christine L. Theoret DVM  PhD  Diplomate ACVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2013,42(2):147-153

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Biomechanical evaluation of the stabilizing function of the atlantoaxial ligaments under shear loading: A canine cadaveric study     

Katrine Reber DVM  Alexander Bürki MSc  Nuria Vizcaino Reves DVM  Michael Stoffel PhD  Karine Gendron DVM  Stephen J Ferguson PhD  Franck Forterre DVM  Diplomate ECVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2013,42(8):918-923

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Effects on cardiopulmonary function and oxygen delivery of doses of romifidine and xylazine followed by constant rate infusions in standing horses     

Simone K. Ringer  Colin C. Schwarzwald  Karine G. Portier  Annette Ritter  Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2013,195(2):228-234

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Analysis of porcine MHC using microarrays     

Gao Y  Wahlberg P  Marthey S  Esquerré D  Jaffrézic F  Lecardonnel J  Hugot K  Rogel-Gaillard C 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2012,148(1-2):78-84

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Development of a xylazine constant rate infusion with or without butorphanol for standing sedation of horses     

Ringer SK  Portier KG  Fourel I  Bettschart-Wolfensberger R 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2012,39(1):1-11

ObjectiveTo elaborate constant rate infusion (CRI) protocols for xylazine (X) and xylazine/butorphanol (XB) which will result in constant sedation and steady xylazine plasma concentrations.Study designBlinded randomized experimental study.AnimalsTen adult research horses.MethodsPart I: After normal height of head above ground (HHAG = 100%) was determined, a loading dose of xylazine (1 mg kg^?1) with butorphanol (XB: 18 μg kg^?1) or saline (X: equal volume) was given slowly intravenously (IV). Immediately afterwards, a CRI of butorphanol (XB: 25 μg kg^?1 hour^?1) or saline (X) was administered for 2 hours. The HHAG was used as a marker of depth of sedation. Sedation was maintained for 2 hours by additional boluses of xylazine (0.3 mg kg^?1) whenever HHAG >50%. The dose of xylazine (mg kg^?1 hour^?1) required to maintain sedation was calculated for both groups. Part II: After the initial loading dose, the calculated xylazine infusion rates were administered in parallel to butorphanol (XB) or saline (X) and sedation evaluated. Xylazine plasma concentrations were measured by HPLC-MS-MS at time points 0, 5, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test and a 2-way anova for repeated measures (p < 0.05).ResultsThere was no significant difference in xylazine requirements (X: 0.69, XB: 0.65 mg kg^?1 hour^?1) between groups. With treatment X, a CRI leading to prolonged sedation was developed. With XB, five horses (part I: two, part II: three) fell down and during part II four horses appeared insufficiently sedated. Xylazine plasma concentrations were constant after 45 minutes in both groups.ConclusionXylazine bolus, followed by CRI, provided constant sedation. Additional butorphanol was ineffective in reducing xylazine requirements and increased ataxia and apparent early recovery from sedation in unstimulated horses.Clinical relevanceData were obtained on unstimulated healthy horses and extrapolation to clinical conditions requires caution.  相似文献   

Identifying and mapping biodiversity processes for conservation planning in islands: A case study in Réunion Island (Western Indian Ocean)     

Erwann Lagabrielle  Mathieu Rouget  Karine Payet  Nokuthula Wistebaar  Laurent Durieux  Amanda Lombard 《Biological conservation》2009,142(7):1523-130

Over the last century, island biodiversity has become one of the most threatened in the world. Although many island conservation plans address biodiversity requirements at the species level, few plans address the spatial requirements of the biodiversity processes that underpin the persistence of these species. Using systematic conservation planning principles, we map the spatial components of biodiversity processes (SCBPs) and use these to design broad-scale conservation corridors for Réunion Island. Our method is based upon a literature review, expert knowledge, spatially explicit base data, conservation planning software, and spatial modelling. We combine a target-driven algorithm with least-cost path analyses to delineate optimal corridors for capturing key biodiversity processes while simultaneously considering biodiversity pattern targets, conservation opportunities, and future threats. We identify five SCBPs: the oceanic-terrestrial interface; riverine corridors; macrohabitat interfaces; the boundaries of isolated topographic units; and lowland-upland gradients. A large proportion of the SCBPs (81.3%) is currently untransformed, whereas 3% is irreversibly transformed by urbanisation and 15.7% is transformed but restorable. However, SCBPs are almost fully disrupted by urbanisation in the lowlands, thereby compromising functional corridors along full altitudinal gradients. This study is a contribution toward the reconciliation of conservation versus development objectives on Réunion Island but we believe that the delineation method is sufficiently general to be applied to other islands. Our results highlight the need for integrating marine, coastal and terrestrial conservation planning as a matter of urgency, given the rapid transformation of coastal areas on islands.  相似文献   

Comparison of the effects of an intravenous lidocaine infusion combined with 1% isoflurane versus 2% isoflurane alone on selected cardiovascular variables and recovery characteristics during equine general anaesthesia     

Inga-Catalina Cruz Benedetti  Knut Nottrott  Isabelle Fourel  Marjolaine Le Bris  Emilie Mongellas  Karine Portier 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):63-69

Objectives

To compare the effects of a lidocaine constant rate infusion (CRI) combined with 1% isoflurane versus those of 2% isoflurane alone on cardiovascular variables in anaesthetized horses, and to estimate the sample size required to detect a difference in recovery quality.

Study design

Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover study.

Animals

Twelve healthy experimental horses.

Methods

Horses were anaesthetized twice using an intravenous (IV) administration of acepromazine, romifidine, diazepam and ketamine. Horses were placed in dorsal recumbency and ventilated mechanically. During the first 10 minutes (P1), anaesthesia was maintained with a 2% inspired isoflurane fraction (FIIso). During the following 20 minutes (P2), horses received IV lidocaine (1.5 mg kg^?1) (group IL) or saline (group I). During the last 60 minutes (P3), group IL received a lidocaine CRI (50 μg kg^?1 minute^?1 IV) and FIIso 1%, whereas group I received a saline CRI and FIIso 2%. Three weeks later, the horses received the alternative treatment. Painful stimuli were induced by introducing an 18 gauge needle intramuscularly. Ketamine and dobutamine requirements and physiological variables were recorded. Recoveries were assessed by two anaesthetists unaware of the treatment. Lidocaine plasma concentrations were measured during recovery. Data were analysed with anova.

Results

During P3, group IL had a lower heart rate (p = 0.002), higher mean arterial pressure (p < 0.001) and lower dobutamine requirement (p < 0.001) than group I. One horse had lidocaine plasma concentrations above toxic levels. Recoveries did not differ significantly between groups. Sample sizes of 208 horses in each group would be necessary to detect a statistically significant difference (85% statistical power) in recovery quality.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

A lidocaine CRI combined with FIIso 1% rather than FIIso 2% alone may improve cardiovascular variables in healthy anaesthetized horses.  相似文献   

Morphological and molecular characterization of Colletotrichum nymphaeae and C. fructicola associated with anthracnose symptoms of grape in Santa Catarina State,southern Brazil     

Guginski-Piva  Claudia Aparecida  Bogo  Amauri  Gomes  Beatriz Ribeiro  Menon  Jessica Karine  Nodari  Rubens Onofre  Welter  Leocir José 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2018,125(4):405-413

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Recent review described that grape anthracnose in Brazil is caused by Elsinoe ampelina. However, in many countries, anthracnose can be associated with...  相似文献   

Genetic isolation and morphological divergence of Black Sea bottlenose dolphins     

Karine A. Viaud-Martinez  Robert L. Brownell Jr. 《Biological conservation》2008,141(6):1600-1611

The Black Sea is a semi-enclosed body of water that differs from the adjacent Mediterranean Sea in terms of its biodiversity, oceanographical and ecological characteristics. There is growing international concern about pollution in the Black Sea and other anthropogenic threats to its fauna. The bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is one of three species of cetaceans living in the Azov-Black Sea basin. Despite considerable research on bottlenose dolphins elsewhere, the extent of human impacts on the Black Sea populations is unknown. Previous attempts to award special conservation status to Black Sea cetaceans have failed specifically because policy makers have viewed their ecological and evolutionary uniqueness as equivocal. This study assessed divergence between Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean bottlenose dolphins for 26 cranial measurements (n = 75 adult bottlenose dolphin skulls) and mitochondrial DNA (n = 99 individuals). Black Sea bottlenose dolphins are smaller than those in the Mediterranean, and possess a uniquely shaped skull. As in a previous study, we found the Black Sea population to be genetically distinct, with relatively low levels of mtDNA diversity. Population genetic models suggest that Black Sea bottlenose dolphins have so little gene flow with the Mediterranean due to historical isolation that they should be managed separately.  相似文献