Evaluating Emissions of Nitrous Oxide from Cropland Soils Under Different Rotations in Mato Grosso, Brazil: A Scenario Simulation Study     

Katharina H. E. MEURER  Eric BOENECKE  Uwe FRANKO 《土壤圈》2019,29(4):432-443

Expansion of cropland involves immense land use changes, and the resulting intensified management practices have a strong influence on the functioning of the underlying soil. For instance, increased application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is known to enhance fluxes of nitrous oxide (N₂O) from the soil to the atmosphere. The emission factor (EF) proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assumes a linear relationship between added N and N₂O-N fluxes, but it does not account for environmental factors, such as soil properties or climate. Due to the high spatial and temporal variability of N₂O-N fluxes, mechanistic models are preferable in terms of extrapolation to larger scales. In this study, we evaluated simulated N₂O-N fluxes from soils under agricultural use in the Brazilian state, Mato Grosso, using the CANDY (Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics) model. A control tool was developed in order to enable the simulation of 1 650 scenarios covering different sites (soil + climate) and management regimes (crop rotation + amount of applied fertilizer + sowing and harvesting dates). Results suggested that the sites had a very strong influence on calculated emissions, which is not accounted for by static EF. Furthermore, most fertilizer-induced N₂O-N fluxes derived from the scenario simulations were best described by a non-linear function. For sounder budgeting on the federal and national scale, there is still a strong need for long-term observations of continuous crop rotations and spatial distribution of soil types and their specific characteristics. The presented results provide a valuable starting point for developing further scenario simulations and adapting experimental campaigns for N₂O emission study.  相似文献   

An explorative study comparing skin surface lipids in the West Highland white terrier dog with and without atopic dermatitis     

Helen L. Orbell  Nick J. Cave  Katharina Parry  Craig E. Griffin 《The Veterinary quarterly》2022,42(1):12

BackgroundThe skin barrier is important in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and stratum corneum lipids have a critical role. Skin surface lipids have been largely overlooked but also contribute to barrier function. An untargeted approach was used to compare the skin surface lipids from atopic and non-atopic West Highland White terrier dogs (WHWT).ObjectivesThe primary hypothesis was that a difference in the lipidome would exist. The secondary hypothesis was that affected and unaffected skin lipids would differ.Animals and methodsThis prospective, cross-sectional, case-controlled study included thirty-nine privately owned WHWTs. Dogs were assigned to one of four disease status groups based on strict criteria. Samples for lipid analysis were collected from the skin surface of unaffected and affected sites. Lipid analysis was by untargeted liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and utilised lipid identification software packages. Principle component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA) statistical methods analysed the association between the relative lipid abundance and disease status and affected and unaffected skin.ResultsSamples for lipid analysis found 421 lipid soluble features of which ten lipids were positively identified. Statistical analysis could not distinguish between non-atopic and atopic dogs but did reveal a statistically significant difference in the lipid profiles from affected and non-affected skin irrespective of disease status.ConclusionsA large array of unidentified lipids from the skin surface were found with a difference between affected and unaffected skin unrelated to disease status. Investigation into the lipidome of the skin surface is an emerging area of research with clinical and therapeutic applications.  相似文献   

Real-time RT-PCR detection of Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) in hops including an mRNA-based internal positive control     

Seigner  Luitgardis  Liebrecht  Marion  Keckel  Linda  Einberger  Katharina  Absmeier  Carolin 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2020,127(6):763-767

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd), formerly known as pathogen in the genus Citrus and first detected in Slovenian hops in 2014, threatens hop production...  相似文献   

Assessing risks in relation to international trade with food and animals: a review of methods currently applied     

Stärk KD 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2004,117(5-6):182-187

Since approximately 10 years, risk assessments in the context of international trade with animals and food are being conducted. International standards provide guidelines for such assessments. However, the methods to be applied are only very broadly defined. A review of published or otherwise accessible examples demonstrated that most assessments in this field are qualitative in nature. When quantitative risk assessments are conducted, simulation modeling is often used. Further methodological development is required regarding the consideration of uncertainty, the use of expert knowledge and standardization of qualitative risk estimates. In order to maintain quality assurance in risk assessments, a wider use of peer-review is desirable, e.g. through publication of results in scientific journals.  相似文献   

Age-period-cohort analysis of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic in Switzerland     

Cohen-Sabas CH  Heim D  Zurbriggen A  Stärk KD 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2004,66(1-4):19-33

Cattle born after animal-feed control measures were implemented in 1990 have become BSE cases in Switzerland, indicating sub-optimal effectiveness of these measures. To evaluate these measures, the incidence of BSE cases in Switzerland recorded through clinical case reporting from January 1991 to June 2000 (categorized into age groups and birth cohorts of 6-month duration) was analyzed by Poisson log-linear regression using an age–period–cohort model. The incidence was maximum in the cattle cohort born from October 1989 to March 1990, and dropped to zero in the cohort born from April to September 1991. A second peak was observed in a cohort born from April to September 1994. The first drop of incidence is interpreted as a result of initial implementation of the feed ban in 1990. The second peak might be related to exposure of cattle to feed intended for pigs and poultry.  相似文献   

Development of a monitoring program for antibiotic resistance in bacteria from Swiss food-producing animals     

Ledergerber U  Regula G  Stephan R  Danuser J  Stärk KD 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2005,118(9-10):423-429

Resistant bacteria from food-producing animals may compromise the success of antibiotic treatment in animals and in humans. Therefore, the level of antibiotic resistance in bacteria from farm animals and its development over time needs to be monitored. In Switzerland, a monitoring program for antibiotic resistance is currently being developed. Pilot-monitoring programs were conducted in selected animal species in order to obtain current data on antibiotic resistance. The data on the prevalence of bacteria and antibiotic resistance in poultry were used to optimize the sampling plan. The influence of sampling more farms compared to sampling more animals per farm on the prevalence estimate for antibiotic resistance was analyzed by a Monte Carlo simulation model. Accounting for the costs for sample collection, transportation and laboratory analysis of the samples, the number of samples to be taken at the respective step in the production line was optimized. Optimization was defined as maximizing the precision of the prevalence estimate while minimizing the costs. The model will be expanded to other bacterial and animal species in the future.  相似文献   

Adverse effects of ketoconazole in dogs--a retrospective study     

Mayer UK  Glos K  Schmid M  Power HT  Bettenay SV  Mueller RS 《Veterinary dermatology》2008,19(4):199-208

Although ketoconazole has been used extensively in dogs for the treatment of various fungal infections, information about adverse effects is mainly anecdotal. Common adverse effects in humans include dose-dependant anorexia, nausea and vomiting, allergic rashes and pruritus. Drug-induced hepatitis is very rare, but potentially fatal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the type and frequency of adverse effects associated with ketoconazole therapy in dogs treated for skin diseases and any possible influence of dosage, duration of therapy, signalment or concurrent medication. The medical records of 632 dogs treated with ketoconazole (2.6–33.4 mg/kg) were reviewed. Adverse effects occurred in 14.6% (92 dogs) and included vomiting (7.1%), anorexia (4.9%), lethargy (1.9%), diarrhea (1.1%), pruritus (0.6%), erythema (0.3%) and other adverse effects (2.5%). Of the dogs with other adverse effects, four of 16 (25%) were ataxic and three of these received concurrent ivermectin. Adverse effects were significantly more often recorded in dogs concurrently treated with ciclosporin ( P =  0.034) or ivermectin ( P =  0.007). Increased liver enzyme levels were reported rarely, and icterus was not seen in any of the dogs. However, monitoring liver enzymes during therapy is recommended, although this might not necessarily prevent severe idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity.  相似文献   

Effect of management on rangeland phytomass,cover and condition in two biomes in South Africa     

Roelof J Oomen  Anja Linstädter  Jan C Ruppert  Katharina Brüser  Jürgen Schellberg  Frank Ewert 《African Journal of Range and Forage Science》2016,33(3):185-198

In rangelands, grazing management is a main driver of rangeland condition. Due to masking effects of seasonal climate fluctuations, little is known about (dis)similarity of management effects on rangeland condition and forage provision across major dryland biomes. Taking a macro-ecological perspective, we analysed if management effects differed between South Africa’s central grassland and Kalahari savanna biomes. We recorded proxies of forage provision (phytomass, vegetation cover and their ratio) over five seasons, annual rainfall to account for seasonal climate fluctuations, and rangeland condition (through relative abundances of increaser and decreaser species). Regarding forage provision, we found effects of management for the savanna, where, irrespective of rainfall, rotational grazing management resulted in higher phytomass and phytomass–cover ratios than management with continuous grazing. In the grassland, however, this difference was only discernible for phytomass–cover ratio in two years with above-average antecedent rainfall. This suggests that management effects are biome-dependent and that modulating effects of annual rainfall are stronger in the grassland. In either biome, management effects on the dominance of increaser and decreaser species were negligible, i.e. rangeland condition did not differ across management types in either biome. We conclude that investigations on management effects should account for interactions with biome and rainfall.  相似文献   

The effects of two different types of bandage contact lenses on the healthy canine eye          下载免费PDF全文

Barbara Katharina Braus  Daniela Riedler  Alexander Tichy  Joachim Spergser  Ilse Schwendenwein 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2018,21(5):477-486

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Comparison of intraperitoneal ropivacaine and bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy     

Carlotta Lambertini  Katharina Kluge  Marta Lanza-Perea  Rodolfo Bruhl-Day  Karin S. Kalchofner Guerrero 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(6):865-870

Objective

To compare postoperative analgesia following either intraperitoneal (IP) ropivacaine or bupivacaine in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OVH) in the scope of multimodal analgesia.

Study design

Prospective, randomized, blinded clinical study.

Animals

A total of 45 privately owned dogs undergoing OVH, aged 37 ± 28 months and weighing 11.3 ± 4.5 kg.

Methods

Dogs were premedicated with acepromazine (0.05 mg kg^?1) and morphine (0.5 mg kg^?1) intramuscularly (IM). Anaesthesia was induced with alfaxalone and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Carprofen (4 mg kg^?1) was injected subcutaneously after intubation. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either bupivacaine (group B; 3 mg kg^?1) or ropivacaine (group R; 3 mg kg^?1) IP prior to complete closure of the linea alba. At 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after extubation, sedation and postoperative pain were assessed, using the short form of the Glasgow Composite Pain scale (GCPS-SF), a dynamic interactive visual analogue scale (DIVAS), and mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) measurement. Rescue morphine (0.2 mg kg^?1) was administered in case of ≥ 5/20 or ≥ 6/24 in the GCPS-SF and/or >40 mm in the DIVAS. Parametric data were compared using the t test; nonparametric data were analysed with the two-sample Wilcoxon test (p < 0.05).

Results

The GCPS-SF score was significantly higher in group R at 8 hours. There was no other significant difference regarding sedation or analgesia between the groups. Rescue analgesia was administered to 15 dogs (R: 9/22; B: 6/22), with no significant difference between the groups. MNT values decreased in both groups at all time points when compared to baseline. No adverse effects were observed.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Ropivacaine or bupivacaine IP in combination with morphine IM and carprofen SC provided comparable postoperative analgesia in dogs after OVH for 6 hours. However, the anaesthetic protocol used did not prevent the administration of rescue analgesia in 41% of animals.  相似文献