Preliminary observations of genetic susceptibility of elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) to chronic wasting disease by experimental oral inoculation.     

Amir N Hamir  Thomas Gidlewski  Terry R Spraker  Janice M Miller  Lynn Creekmore  Michelle Crocheck  Thomas Cline  Katherine I O'Rourke 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2006,18(1):110-114

To compare the genetic susceptibility of elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) with various alleles of the PRNP gene, which encodes the normal cellular prion protein, to chronic wasting disease (CWD), eight 8-month-old elk calves of 3 genotypes (2 132MM, 2 132LM, and 4 132LL) were orally dosed with CWD-infected brain material from elk. During postinoculation (PI) month 23, both 132MM elk had lost appetite, developed clinical signs of weight loss and central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, and were euthanized. Two other elk (both 132LM) developed similar clinical signs of disease and were euthanized during PI month 40. All 4 affected elk had microscopic lesions of spongiform encephalopathy (SE), and PrPres, the disease-associated form of the prion protein, was detected in their CNS and lymphoid tissues by use of immunohistochemical (IHC) and Western blot (WB) techniques. These findings indicate that elk with MM and LM at codon 132 are susceptible to orally inoculated CWD. All 4 LL elk are alive at PI year 4 and are clinically normal, which suggests that 132LL elk may have reduced susceptibility to oral infection with CWD-infected material or may have prolonged incubation time.  相似文献   

Development of an assay to determine single nucleotide polymorphisms in the prion gene for the genetic diagnosis of relative susceptibility to classical scrapie in sheep.     

Mary Lynn Johnson  Jessica M Evoniuk  Charles L Stoltenow  Katherine I O'rourke  Dale A Redmer 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2007,19(1):73-77

The objective of this study was to develop a reliable Taqman 5' Nuclease Assay for genotyping sheep for scrapie susceptibility. The sheep prion gene contains 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may mediate resistance to classical scrapie, one at codon 136, alanine (A) or valine (V), and another at codon 171, arginine (R) or glutamine (Q). The R allele appears to confer resistance to classical scrapie, with the AA(136) RR(171) genotype the most resistant to scrapie and QR(171) only rarely infected in the US sheep population. The Assays by Design protocol was used for development of probes and primers for codon 136 and Primer Express for codon 171. Commercially available kits were used to isolate genomic DNA from blood or muscle. For validation, 70 SNP determinations for each codon were compared to commercial testing with an error rate of less than 1%. Then, 935 samples from blood (n = 818) and muscle (n = 117) were tested for both codons with 928 successful determinations and only 7 samples (<1% of total samples) that needed repeating. Genotypes were AA QQ (n = 102; 11.0%), AV QQ (n = 28; 3.0%), AA QR (n = 396; 42.7%), AV QR (n = 54; 5.8%), and AA RR (n = 348; 37.5%). Thus, 86% of the sheep tested (n = 798) contained R at codon 171 and were expected to be scrapie-resistant. This new Taqman 5' Nuclease SNP genotyping assay is accurate, easy to perform, and useful in the study of classical scrapie in sheep and its prevention through selective breeding programs to eliminate highly susceptible animals.  相似文献   

Serologic and molecular characterization of tickborne pathogens in lions (Panthera leo) from the Fasano Safari Park, Italy.     

Alessandra Torina  Victoria Naranjo  Maria Grazia Pennisi  Tatiana Patania  Fabrizio Vitale  Pietro Laricchiuta  Angelina Alongi  Salvatore Scimeca  Katherine M Kocan  José de la Fuente 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2007,38(4):591-593

Lions (Panthera leo) are an endangered species threatened by illegal hunting, habitat loss, and infectious diseases. Little is known about the tick-borne pathogens that infect lions and could contribute to population declines. The objective of this study was to characterize Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Coxiella burnetii infections in 10 lions from the Fasano Safari Park in Italy by serology, polymerase chain reaction, and sequence analysis. Although animals did not show clinical signs of tick-borne diseases, evidence of infection with C. burnetii, spotted fever group Rickettsia sp., and A. phagocytophilum were found in 50%, 20%, and 10% of the lions, respectively. One of the lions tested positive for all three pathogens. This study is the first report of molecular evidence of infection with C. burnetii, Rickettsia sp., and A. phagocytophilum in lions and provides evidence that these felids become infected and serve as hosts for tick-transmitted bacteria.  相似文献   

Partial pressure of end-tidal CO₂ sampled via an intranasal catheter as a substitute for partial pressure of arterial CO₂ in dogs     

D. Pang  BVSc    J. Hethey  N. A. Caulkett  DVM  MVetSc  DACVA    T. Duke  BVetMed  DVA  DACVA  DECVA 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2007,17(2):143-148

Objective: To demonstrate correlation and clinical usefulness of the partial pressure of end‐tidal CO₂ (ETCO₂) measurement by nasal catheter placement in sedated dogs with and without concurrent nasal oxygen administration as a substitute for partial pressure of arterial CO₂ (PaCO₂). Design: Prospective, cross‐over trial. Setting: University of Saskatchewan veterinary research laboratory. Animals: Six cross‐breed dogs with a mean (±SD) weight of 29.1±4.03 kg. Interventions: All dogs were sedated with 5 μg/kg medetomidine intravenously (IV) and an arterial catheter was placed in a dorsal pedal artery for removal of blood for gas analysis. A nasal catheter was placed in the ventral meatus and connected to a capnometer for ETCO₂ measurements in all dogs. Dogs receiving supplemental nasal oxygen had a second nasal catheter placed in the contralateral naris. Measurements and main results: In the group without nasal oxygen supplementation, the ETCO₂ measurement underestimated (negative bias) the PaCO₂ by ?2.20 mmHg with limits of agreement (95% confidence interval) of ?5.79, 1.39 mmHg. In the group receiving oxygen supplementation, ETCO₂ measurement underestimated (negative bias) the PaCO₂ by ?2.46 mmHg with limits of agreement (95% confidence interval) of ?8.42, 3.50 mmHg. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that ETCO₂ monitoring via a nasal catheter provides a clinically acceptable substitute to arterial blood gas analysis as a means of monitoring ventilation in healthy, sedated dogs. The limits of agreement were within acceptable limits with and without concurrent insufflation of oxygen.  相似文献   

Abdominal compartment syndrome in a dog with babesiosis     

Kenneth E. Joubert  BVSc  MMedVet      Patricia A. Oglesby  BVSc    Justine Downie  BVSc    Tania Serfontein  DipVetNur 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2007,17(2):184-190

Objective: To describe a case of abdominal compartment syndrome in a dog with babesiosis. Case summary: A 9‐year‐old female Bull Terrier presented with complicated babesiosis. Additional findings including respiratory distress, abdominal distension, and a decrease in urine output associated with an elevated abdominal pressure (23.5–25 cmH₂O) led to a further diagnosis of abdominal compartment syndrome. This case report describes the clinical course of both conditions through resolution. New information provided: Abdominal compartment syndrome is not well described in the veterinary literature, but clinicians should be aware of this potential complication in critically ill patients. The pathophysiology and veterinary literature of abdominal compartment syndrome are reviewed.  相似文献   

Hyperthermia and Delayed-Onset Myopathy after Recovery from Anesthesia in a Horse   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Nicola Grint BVSc  DVA  DiplECVA  MRCVS  Dylan Gorvy BSc  BVSc  PhD  CertES  MRCVS  Alexandra Dugdale MA  VetMB  DVA  DiplECVA  MRCVS 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2007,27(5):221-227

A 13-year old Thoroughbred cross gelding (528 kg) underwent lameness investigation. Because of his temperament, general anesthesia was required to facilitate ultrasound of the left fore fetlock and intra-articular medication of three joints. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine/diazepam after acepromazine/detomidine premedication. Anesthesia was maintained for 40 minutes with a guaifenesin/detomidine/ketamine intravenous infusion. Recovery from anesthesia was initially uneventful, although of a moderate duration (70 minutes). Once standing, the horse proceeded to box walk in an agitated state and became recumbent on two occasions. The horse was manually restrained, at which time its rectal temperature was 41.8°C. Cooling measures were employed (fans, ice-water enemas, wet rugs, intravenous fluid therapy (IVFT), and topical application of surgical spirit) until rectal temperature reached 38.7°C. IVFT was continued for a further 16 hours. Four days after recovery from anesthesia, bilateral triceps, deltoideus, trapezius, and rhomboideus muscle swelling was observed. Blood creatinine kinase was elevated (24,898 IU/L). Treatment for postanesthetic myopathy was initiated (hot packing of the muscle groups, topical dimethylsulfoxide [DMSO] cream application, and oral phenylbutazone). Myoglobinuria was not observed at any time. Muscle swelling decreased over the following 3 days. The horse was discharged on day 11 and has since returned to work.  相似文献   

Relative Flow-Time Relationships in Single Breaths Recorded After Treadmill Exercise in Thoroughbred Horses     

K. Kusano DVM  R.A. Curtis BSc SMIEEE  C.A. Goldman BScAgr  D.L. Evans BVSc  PhD 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2007,27(8):362-368

Analysis of individual breaths after exercise has potential for pulmonary function testing. The aims of this study were to investigate the dependence of measurements of pulmonary function in single breaths on time postexercise and tidal volume (V_T) after treadmill exercise. Five Thoroughbred horses without evidence of airway disease were used. Horses had been previously acclimated to treadmill exercise and to wearing a face mask. A Quadflow spirometer recorded airflow rates continuously during 90 seconds after intense treadmill exercise to fatigue. Indices of function were based on ratios of times within each breath and analyses of the shape of relative flow–time curves within inspiration and expiration. Restricted maximum likelihood, general linear regression, repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and two sample t-tests were used, with statistical significance at P < .05. Time postexercise had no effect on several ratios based on time for inspiration (T_I) and expiration (T_E), and times to peak flows (T_I/T_T, T_E/T_T, T_E/T_I, Tpef [peak expiratory flow]/T_E, and Tpif [peak inspiratory flow]/T_I). Many variables were significantly dependent on V_T. Occasional big respiratory cycles with V_T more than 10% greater than in the previous breath had significantly different means for relative flow (Rf)/(T_E/T_I), epz_50% (50% of the time from Tpef to end of expiration), epz_75% (75% of the time from Tpef to end of expiration), and ipz_75% (75% of the time from Tpif to end of inspiration). Predicted means for these variables differed by 10–20%. This study establishes guidelines for the selection of breaths after exercise, and describes a new approach to measurement of relative flow and time relationships. It was concluded that several time-based ratios have potential for measuring pulmonary function. However, care is needed when selecting breaths for calculation of most of the new relative flow–time variables.  相似文献   

Diet-associated hepatic failure and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a Weimaraner     

Ashley J. Smith  DVM    Katherine A. Stenske  DVM    Joseph W. Bartges  DVM  PhD  DACVIM  DACVN    Claudia A. Kirk  DVM  PhD  DACVN  DACVIM 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2006,16(S1):S42-S47

  相似文献   

Holding Power of Different Pin Designs and Pin Insertion Methods in Avian Cortical Bone     

LAUREL A. DEGERNES DVM  Diplomate ABVP    SIMON C. ROE BVSc  PhD  Diplomate ACVS  C. FRANK ABRAMS Jr.  PhD  PE 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1998,27(4):301-306

Objective —To measure pullout strength of four pin types in avian humeri and tibiotarsi bones and to compare slow-speed power and hand insertion methods.
Study Design —Axial pin extraction was measured in vitro in avian bones.
Animal Population —Four cadaver red-tailed hawks and 12 live red-tailed hawks.
Methods —The pullout strength of four fixator pin designs was measured: smooth, negative profile threaded pins engaging one or two cortices and positive profile threaded pins. Part 1: Pins were placed in humeri and tibiotarsi after soft tissue removal. Part 2: Pins were placed in tibiotarsi in anesthetized hawks using slow-speed power or hand insertion.
Results —All threaded pins, regardless of pin design, had greater pullout strength than smooth pins in all parts of the study ( P < .0001). The cortices of tibiotarsi were thicker than the cortices of humeri ( P < .0001). There were few differences in pin pullout strengths between threaded pin types within or between bone groups. There were no differences between the pullout strength of pins placed by slow-speed power or by hand.
Conclusions —There is little advantage of one threaded pin type over another in avian humeri and tibiotarsi using currently available pin designs. There were few differences in pin pullout strengths between humeri and tibiotarsi bones. It is possible that the ease of hand insertion in thin cortices minimizes the potential for wobbling and therefore minimizes the difference between slow-speed drill and hand insertion methods.
Clinical Relevance —Threaded pins have superior bone holding strength in avian cortices and may be beneficial for use with external fixation devices in birds.  相似文献   

Biomechanical Comparison of the Trocar Tip Point and the Hollow Ground Tip Point for Smooth External Skeletal Fixation Pins     

JUAN M. MARTI LV  Cert SAO  MVM  MRCVS  SIMON C. ROE BVSc  MS  PhD  Diplomate ACVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1998,27(5):423-428

Objective —To compare the insertional characteristics of external fixator pins with hollow ground (HG), modified HG, and trocar (T) points.
Study Design —An acute, in vitro biomechanical evaluation.
Sample Population—Thirteen radii from canine cadavers.
Methods —A total of 16 T-tipped and 16 HG-tipped pins were inserted into 8 canine radii. Ten pins of each modification of the HG tip (length of the cutting edge reduced by 0.127 mm and 0.254 mm, respectively) were inserted into another five radii. All pins were inserted with low-speed power drilling and 80 N drilling load. Differences between peak tip temperature, drilling energy, and pullout force were determined for each pin type at both diaphyseal and metaphyseal locations.
Results —HG-tipped pins showed a 40% lower tip temperature in diaphyseal bone, a 25% reduction in drilling energy in diaphyseal bone, and a reduction of pullout force in both diaphyseal (65%) and metaphyseal (50%) bone compared with T-tipped pins. HG 0.254-mm pins generated higher tip temperatures and had greater pullout than HG pins in diaphyseal bone.
Conclusions —The HG tip was a more efficient design; however, the reduction in pullout force suggests that, because a better hole was drilled, radial preload is reduced. Reduction of the cutting edge by 0.254 mm increased the pullout force but also increased the temperatures.
Clinical Relevance —Thermal and microstructural damage are reduced by the HG tip, but pin-bone interface stability is also compromised. The use of a tip with 0.254 mm reduction in the cutting edge may optimize the biological and mechanical factors at the pin-bone interface.  相似文献