Functionality of implanted microchips following magnetic resonance imaging     

Haifley KA  Hecht S 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2012,240(5):577-579

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Use of a self-expanding metallic stent to palliate esophageal neoplastic obstruction in a dog     

Hansen KS  Weisse C  Berent AC  Dunn M  Caceres AV  Todd KL  Diroff JS 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2012,240(10):1202-1207

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Signalment factors, comorbidity, and trends in behavior diagnoses in dogs: 1,644 cases (1991-2001)     

Bamberger M  Houpt KA 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2006,229(10):1591-1601

OBJECTIVE: To determine trends in behavior diagnoses; assess the relationship between diagnoses and age, sex, reproductive status, and breed; and evaluate associations between diagnoses within the same dog (comorbidity). DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 1,644 dogs. PROCEDURES: Medical records of dogs evaluated for behavioral problems were reviewed for breed, sex, reproductive status, consultation year, birth date, and diagnoses. RESULTS: Numbers of dogs with aggression, anxiety, and unruly behavior increased over the course of the study, as did the total number of dogs evaluated for behavioral problems. In general and for aggression, Dalmatians, English Springer Spaniels, German Shepherd Dogs, and mixed-breed dogs were evaluated more often than expected, whereas Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers were evaluated less often than expected. Labrador Retrievers were also underrepresented for anxiety, whereas mixed-breed dogs were overrepresented. Males were overrepresented except for interdog aggression, anxieties, and phobias, whereas females were overrepresented for phobias. Dogs with phobias were evaluated at a median age of 6.5 years, compared with dogs with other problems (median age, 2.5 years). A mean of 1.6 diagnoses/dog was observed, with certain diagnoses clustered. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that in dogs, behavioral problems changed over the course of the study; age, sex, and breed distributions varied among diagnoses; and certain diagnoses were likely to occur together.  相似文献   

Characterization of selected genes upregulated in non-tuberculous European wild boar as possible correlates of resistance to Mycobacterium bovis infection     

Naranjo V  Ayoubi P  Vicente J  Ruiz-Fons F  Gortazar C  Kocan KM  de la Fuente J 《Veterinary microbiology》2006,116(1-3):224-231

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex), is a zoonotic disease that affects cattle and wildlife worldwide. These animal hosts can serve as reservoirs of infection, thus increasing the risk of human exposure and infection. In this study we quantified by RNA macroarray fluorescent hybridization and real-time RT-PCR the mRNA levels of genes differentially expressed in oropharyngeal tonsils and mandibular lymph nodes of three and seven individual non-tuberculous and tuberculous wild boars naturally exposed to M. bovis, respectively. These results demonstrated upregulation of two genes, complement component 3 (C3) and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT), in the non-tuberculous wild boars. These upregulated genes may contribute to resistance of wild boars to bTB by modifying the innate immunity, which limits the ability of the mycobacterium to infect and persist within macrophages. The C3 and MUT genes, therefore, are likely to be good candidates to study as markers of bTB resistance using functional genomics in animal model systems. Identification of genes upregulated in wild animals resistant to bTB contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms of protective immunity and resistance to mycobacterial organisms.  相似文献   

Kinetics and products of the hydrolysis of 3,4-dihydroprecocene I 3,4-epoxide in aqueous organic solvents     

Anthony F. Hamnett  Anthony P. Ottridge  Grahame E. Pratt  Richard C. Jennings  Katherine M. Stott 《Pest management science》1981,12(3):245-254

The hydrolysis of 3, 4-dihydroprecocene I 3, 4-epoxide (3, 4-dihydro-7-methoxy-2, 2-dimethyl-3, 4-epoxy-2H-benzo[b]pyran), the putative ultimate cytotoxin of the insect growth regulator precocene I (7-methoxy-2, 2-dimethyl-2H-benzo[b]pyran), has been studied and found to exhibit first-order kinetics [k = 0.17 s^?1 in 10 mm-phosphate buffer pH 7.0, containing 1, 4-dioxane (1 + 1 by volume), ionic strength 0.1]. Plots of log k versus pH, and k versus buffer concentration, suggest that the reaction is subject to both specific and general acid catalysis. High-performance liquid chromatography showed the reaction products to be predominantly the corresponding stereoisomeric diols (3, 4-dihydro-7-methoxy-2, 2-dimethyl-2H-benzo[b]pyran-3, 4-diol), the trans : cis ratio of which varied from 1.8: 1 to 2.2: 1 but was constant over the pH range 6-8, at a given buffer concentration. The results indicate that acid-catalysed hydration of 3, 4-dihydroprecocene I 3, 4-epoxide is an S_N1 reaction, involving a trigonally hybridised carbocation at C4, even at physiological pH. Similar studies on 3, 4-dihydroiso-precocene I 3, 4-epoxide (3, 4-dihydro-6-methoxy-2, 2-dimethyl-3, 4-epoxy-2H-benzo-[b]pyran), a biologically inactive isomer of 3, 4-dihydroprecocene I 3, 4-epoxide suggest that an S_NI mechanism also contributes to its hydrolysis, but the rate constant is 4000 times lower than that for 3, 4-dihydroprecocene I 3, 4-epoxide. Knowledge of the reactivity and mechanism of reaction of such compounds forms an important part of the basis for rational prediction of biological activity in precocene analogues, and hence their possible use as pest control agents.  相似文献   

Transmission of transmissible mink encephalopathy to raccoons (Procyon lotor) by intracerebral inoculation.     

Amir N Hamir  Janice M Miller  Katherine I O'Rourke  Jason C Bartz  Mick J Stack  Melanie J Chaplin 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2004,16(1):57-63

To determine the transmissibility of transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) agent to raccoons and to provide information about clinical course, lesions, and suitability of currently used diagnostic procedures for detection of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in raccoons, 4 raccoon kits were inoculated intracerebrally with a brain suspension from mink experimentally infected with TME. One uninoculated raccoon kit served as a control. All 4 animals in the TME-inoculated group showed clinical signs of neurologic disorder and were euthanized between 21 and 23 weeks postinoculation (PI). Necropsy examinations revealed no gross lesions. Spongiform encephalopathy was observed by light microscopy, and the presence of protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres) was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot techniques. Scrapie-associated fibrils were observed by negative-stain electron microscopy in the brains of 3 of the 4 inoculated raccoons. These findings confirm that TME is experimentally transmissible to raccoons and that diagnostic techniques currently used for TSE in livestock detect prion protein in raccoon tissue. According to previously published data, the incubation period of sheep scrapie in raccoons is 2 years, whereas chronic wasting disease (CWD) had not shown transmission after 3 years of observation. Because incubation periods for the 3 US TSEs (scrapie, TME, and CWD) in raccoons appear to be markedly different, it may be possible to use raccoons for differentiating unknown TSE agents. Retrospective genotyping of raccoons using frozen spleens showed that the raccoon PrP gene is identical to the mink gene at codons 179 and 224. Further studies, such as the incubation periods of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and other isolates of scrapie, CWD, and TME in raccoons, are needed before the model can be further characterized for differentiation of TSE agents.  相似文献   

Meals and snacks from the child's perspective: the contribution of qualitative methods to the development of dietary interventions     

Husby I  Heitmann BL  O'Doherty Jensen K 《Public health nutrition》2009,12(6):739-747

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On the use of phloem sap δ¹³C as an indicator of canopy carbon discrimination     

Rascher KG  Máguas C  Werner C 《Tree physiology》2010,30(12):1499-1514

In this study we measured δ13C in various carbon pools along the basipetal transport pathway in co-occurring Pinus pinaster and Acacia longifolia trees under Mediterranean climate conditions in the field. Overall, species differences in photosynthetic discrimination resulted in more enriched δ13C values in the water-conserving overstory P. pinaster relative to the water-spending understory invasive A. longifolia. Post-photosynthetic fractionation effects resulted in differences in δ13C of water-soluble organic matter pools along the plant axis with progressive depletion in δ13C from the canopy to the trunk (～6.5‰ depletion in A. longifolia and ～0.8‰ depletion in P. pinaster). Regardless of these fractionation effects, phloem sap δ13C in both terminal branches and the main stem correlated well with environmental parameters driving photosynthesis for both species, indicating that phloem sap δ13C has potential as an integrative tracer of changes in canopy carbon discrimination (Δ13C). Furthermore, we illustrate that a simple model based on sap flow estimated canopy stomatal conductance (G(S)) and phloem sap δ13C measurements has significant potential as a tool for estimating canopy-level carbon assimilation rates.  相似文献   

Introduction: Critical and hopeful area studies – Emerging work in Asia and the Pacific     

Katharine McKinnon  Katherine Gibson  Linda Malam 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》2008,49(3):273-280

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A comparison of daily water use estimates derived from constant-heat sap-flow probe values and gravimetric measurements in pot-grown saplings     

McCulloh KA  Winter K  Meinzer FC  Garcia M  Aranda J  Lachenbruch B 《Tree physiology》2007,27(9):1355-1360

Use of Granier-style heat dissipation sensors to measure sap flow is common in plant physiology, ecology and hydrology. There has been concern that any change to the original Granier design invalidates the empirical relationship between sap flux density and the temperature difference between the probes. Here, we compared daily water use estimates from gravimetric measurements with values from variable length heat dissipation sensors, which are a relatively new design. Values recorded during a one-week period were compared for three large pot-grown saplings of each of the tropical trees Pseudobombax septenatum (Jacq.) Dugand and Calophyllum longifolium Willd. For five of the six individuals, P values from paired t-tests comparing the two methods ranged from 0.12 to 0.43 and differences in estimates of total daily water use over the week of the experiment averaged < 3%. In one P. septenatum sapling, the sap flow sensors underestimated water use relative to the gravimetric measurements. This discrepancy could have been associated with naturally occurring gradients in temperature that reduced the difference in temperature between the probes, which would have caused the sensor method to underestimate water use. Our results indicate that substitution of variable length heat dissipation probes for probes of the original Granier design did not invalidate the empirical relationship determined by Granier between sap flux density and the temperature difference between probes.  相似文献