Breeding depression of red flesh apple progeny containing both functional MdMYB10 and MYB110a_JP genes          下载免费PDF全文

Yuka Hamada  Hideto Sato  Shungo Otagaki  Kazuma Okada  Kazuyuki Abe  Shogo Matsumoto 《Plant Breeding》2015,134(2):239-246

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Challenges of breeding potato cultivars to grow in various environments and to meet different demands     

Kazuyuki Mori  Kenji Asano  Seiji Tamiya  Takashi Nakao  Motoyuki Mori 《Breeding Science》2015,65(1):3-16

The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is cultivated all year round in Japan by using four types of cropping: summer and winter croppings, and double cropping in spring and fall. In each cropping season, growth conditions such as temperature, day length, and growing period, differ drastically; thus, different cultivars adapted to each environment are required. Breeding stations are located in both summer cropping areas and double cropping areas, and cultivars suitable for each cropping system are developed. The required cultivars differ according to cropping type and according to use such as table use, food processing, and starch production. The qualities necessary for each purpose differ and are therefore evaluated accordingly. Improvements in pest and disease resistance and in yield abilities are important as common breeding targets for all purposes. To develop potato cultivars that meet different needs, breeders have continued efforts to improve these traits. In this review, we introduce our approaches to developing new potato cultivars. We also discuss problems predicted in the future and introduce our efforts on broadening genetic diversity.  相似文献   

Insecticidal 3-benzamido-N-phenylbenzamides specifically bind with high affinity to a novel allosteric site in housefly GABA receptors     

Yoshihisa Ozoe  Tomo Kita  Fumiyo Ozoe  Toshifumi Nakao  Kazuyuki Sato  Kangetsu Hirase 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2013

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors (GABARs) are an important target for existing insecticides such as fiproles. These insecticides act as noncompetitive antagonists (channel blockers) for insect GABARs by binding to a site within the intrinsic channel of the GABAR. Recently, a novel class of insecticides, 3-benzamido-N-phenylbenzamides (BPBs), was shown to inhibit GABARs by binding to a site distinct from the site for fiproles. We examined the binding site of BPBs in the adult housefly by means of radioligand-binding and electrophysiological experiments. 3-Benzamido-N-(2,6-dimethyl-4-perfluoroisopropylphenyl)-2-fluorobenzamide (BPB 1) (the N-demethyl BPB) was a partial, but potent, inhibitor of [³H]4′-ethynyl-4-n-propylbicycloorthobenzoate (GABA channel blocker) binding to housefly head membranes, whereas the 3-(N-methyl)benzamido congener (the N-methyl BPB) had low or little activity. A total of 15 BPB analogs were tested for their abilities to inhibit [³H]BPB 1 binding to the head membranes. The N-demethyl analogs, known to be highly effective insecticides, potently inhibited the [³H]BPB 1 binding, but the N-methyl analogs did not even though they, too, are considered highly effective. [³H]BPB 1 equally bound to the head membranes from wild-type and dieldrin-resistant (rdl mutant) houseflies. GABA allosterically inhibited [³H]BPB 1 binding. By contrast, channel blocker-type antagonists enhanced [³H]BPB 1 binding to housefly head membranes by increasing the affinity of BPB 1. Antiparasitic macrolides, such as ivermectin B_1a, were potent inhibitors of [³H]BPB 1 binding. BPB 1 inhibited GABA-induced currents in housefly GABARs expressed in Xenopus oocytes, whereas it failed to inhibit l-glutamate-induced currents in inhibitory l-glutamate receptors. Overall, these findings indicate that BPBs act at a novel allosteric site that is different from the site for channel blocker-type antagonists and that is probably overlapped with the site for macrolides in insect GABARs.  相似文献   

Occurrence of Spontaneous Tumors in the Central Nervous System (CNS) of F344 and SD Rats     

Mariko Nagatani  Kayoko Kudo  Seiki Yamakawa  Toko Ohira  Yuko Yamaguchi  Shinichiro Ikezaki  Isamu Suzuki  Tsubasa Saito  Toru Hoshiya  Kazutoshi Tamura  Kazuyuki Uchida 《Journal of toxicologic pathology》2013,26(3):263-273

In order to accurately assess the carcinogenicity of chemicals with regard to rare tumors such as rat CNS tumors, sufficient information about spontaneous tumors are very important. This paper presents the data on the type, incidence and detected age of CNS tumors in F344/DuCrlCrlj (a total of 1363 males and 1363 females) and Crl:CD(SD) rats (a total of 1650 males and 1705 females) collected from in-house background data-collection studies and control groups of carcinogenicity studies at our laboratory, together with those previously reported in F344 and SD rats. The present data on F344/DuCrlCrlj rats (F344 rats) and Crl:CD(SD) rats (SD rats) clarified the following. (1) The incidences of all CNS tumors observed in F344 rats were less than 1%. (2) The incidences of malignant astrocytoma and granular cell tumor were higher in male SD rats than in female SD rats. (3) The incidences of astrocytoma and granular cell tumor were higher in SD rats than in F344 rats. (4) Among astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and granular cell tumor, oligodendroglioma was detected at the youngest age, followed by astrocytoma, and ultimately, granular cell tumor developed in both strains. The incidences observed in our study were almost consistent with those previously reported in F344 and SD rats.  相似文献   

Lime-nitrogen application affects nitrification, denitrification, and N2O emission in an acidic tea soil     

Akinori Yamamoto  Hiroko Akiyama  Takuji Naokawa  Yasuhiro Miyazaki  Yusuke Honda  Yukimasa Sano  Yasuhiro Nakajima  Kazuyuki Yagi 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2014,50(1):53-62

Lime-N (calcium cyanamide, CaCN₂) acts as both fertilizer and pesticide. Lime-N may reduce nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from soil, although its effectiveness and the relative mechanisms are not well understood. The aim of the study was to quantify the effect of lime-N on N₂O emission from the acidic soil of tea fields. The study design consisted of two treatments: conventional fertilizer (CF) (application of conventional organo-chemical fertilizer) and lime-N (LN) (application of approximately 53 % of the applied N as lime-N and the remaining as conventional organo-chemical fertilizer). Both treatments had the same amount of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O applied to soil between plant canopies; fertilizer was incorporated into soil. We measured N₂O emissions and environmental and microbial parameters of soil between plant canopies and under the canopy of tea plants, including the concentrations of dicyandiamide and cyanamide derived from lime-N. Nitrous oxide emission from soil between plant canopies was lower in the LN treatment than in the CF treatment, and soil ammonium oxidation activity and soil denitrification rate decreased after lime-N application. We applied the acetylene inhibition technique and analyzed isotopomer ratios of N₂O; the results of both techniques suggested that denitrification was the major process of N₂O production in the soil between plant canopies, despite relatively low water-filled pore space. Cumulative N₂O emission over the 366 days of the experiment was 36.0 % lower in the LN treatment than in the CF treatment (P?<?0.05). Our results suggest that lime-N application decreases N₂O emission by inhibiting both nitrification and denitrification processes in the acidic soil.  相似文献   

Lack of exposed ice inside lunar south pole Shackleton Crater   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Haruyama J  Ohtake M  Matsunaga T  Morota T  Honda C  Yokota Y  Pieters CM  Hara S  Hioki K  Saiki K  Miyamoto H  Iwasaki A  Abe M  Ogawa Y  Takeda H  Shirao M  Yamaji A  Josset JL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,322(5903):938-939

The inside of Shackleton Crater at the lunar south pole is permanently shadowed; it has been inferred to hold water-ice deposits. The Terrain Camera (TC), a 10-meter-resolution stereo camera onboard the Selenological and Engineering Explorer (SELENE) spacecraft, succeeded in imaging the inside of the crater, which was faintly lit by sunlight scattered from the upper inner wall near the rim. The estimated temperature of the crater floor, based on the crater shape model derived from the TC data, is less than approximately 90 kelvin, cold enough to hold water-ice. However, at the TC's spatial resolution, the derived albedo indicates that exposed relatively pure water-ice deposits are not on the crater floor. Water-ice may be disseminated and mixed with soil over a small percentage of the area or may not exist at all.  相似文献   

Protostar formation in the early universe     

Yoshida N  Omukai K  Hernquist L 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5889):669-671

The nature of the first generation of stars in the universe remains largely unknown. Observations imply the existence of massive primordial stars early in the history of the universe, and the standard theory for the growth of cosmic structure predicts that structures grow hierarchically through gravitational instability. We have developed an ab initio computer simulation of the formation of primordial stars that follows the relevant atomic and molecular processes in a primordial gas in an expanding universe. The results show that primeval density fluctuations left over from the Big Bang can drive the formation of a tiny protostar with a mass 1% that of the Sun. The protostar is a seed for the subsequent formation of a massive primordial star.  相似文献   

Analysis of antibody response by temperature-sensitive measles vaccine strain in the cotton rat model     

Haga T  Murayama N  Shimizu Y  Saito A  Sakamoto T  Morita T  Komase K  Nakayama T  Uchida K  Katayama T  Shinohara A  Koshimoto C  Sato H  Miyata H  Katahira K  Goto Y 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2009,32(5):395-406

Measles virus (MeV) vaccine strain, AIK-C, is temperature sensitive (ts), which is thought to be associated with attenuation of virus pathogenicity. In this study, replication and antibody response were examined in cotton rats using viruses carrying different forms of the P gene, which is responsible for the ts phenotype of strain AIK-C and its parental Edmonston strain. When cotton rats were inoculated intranasally, ts viruses neither replicated in lungs, nor reproducibly generated an antibody response. When inoculated intramusculary (i.m.), however, ts strains raised an antibody titer in all animals. This response was not observed when ultraviolet-inactivated virus was used. ts virus, inoculated i.m., was recovered from cotton rat drainage lymph nodes. These results suggest that ts virus, inoculated i.m., could replicate in the cotton rat, presumably at the superficial lymph node, and induce an antibody response. Therefore, cotton rats can serve as a small-animal model for investigating immune responses to safer ts vaccine, as well as recombinant vaccine using AIK-C as a vector for protection against other infectious agents.  相似文献   

The effect of dietary ratios of corn silage and alfalfa hay on carbohydrate digestion and retention time of feed particles in the gastrointestinal tract of steers     

Taketo OBITSU  Masahiko GOTO  Toshihisa SUGINO  Kohzo TANIGUCHI  Kenichiro YUKIZANE  Shingo IMOTO  Mirei YANAGAWA  Mabrouk EL-SABAGH 《Animal Science Journal》2009,80(5):546-555

Four Holstein steers fitted with duodenal cannula were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to investigate the effect of the combination of corn silage (CS) and alfalfa hay (AH) in different ratios on the ruminal and intestinal digestion of carbohydrates and feed particle passage rate. Steers were fed mixed diets containing both CS and AH in ratios of 80:20, 60:40, 40:60 and 20:80 on a dry matter basis at 95% of ad libitum feed intake. The increase of AH proportion in diets increased dry matter intake and ruminal digestion of dry matter, non-fiber carbohydrate, neutral and acid detergent fiber linearly. Ruminal digestibility of neutral detergent fiber showed a quadratic response, and total digestibility increased linearly with increasing AH proportion. Digestibility of acid detergent fiber in the rumen was not affected by the dietary treatments, but the total tract digestibility increased as the AH proportion increased. Mean retention time of feed particles in total compartment increased when the AH proportion increased from 20% to 60%, but decreased with further increase of the AH proportion. These results indicate that moderate combinations of CS and AH have an associative effect on ruminal fiber digestion, modifying particle movement in the rumen.  相似文献   

4个群体鲢mtDNA D-loop的PCR-RFLP分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王淞  曹晓霞  谷口顺彦  董仕 《淡水渔业》2010,40(4)

采用PCR技术扩增了湖北监利、江西瑞昌、湖南长沙3个长江野生群体和天津宁河1个人工繁殖群体(已繁殖6代)共158尾鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)mtDNA D-loop区段,并用14种核酸内切限制酶对扩增片段进行酶切。结果显示:所有试验鱼均扩增出约1.6 kb的DNA片段,10种限制酶有酶切位点,共检测出16种单倍型,以单倍型Ⅰ为主,在各群体中所占比例为57.5%~90.0%。鲢4个群体的单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数为0.1885~0.6526和0.001182~0.007570。瑞昌群体与监利群体的Rogers遗传距最小,为0.1250;监利群体与宁河群体的Rogers遗传距最大,为0.2693。χ2检验结果显示4个群体间的遗传差异显著(P<0.01)。在4个群体中,宁河人工繁殖群体的单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数均最高,并且HinfⅠ的C酶切类型为宁河群体所特有,达20.0%。  相似文献