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The development of adipose tissue in skeletal muscle is important for improving meat quality. However, it is still unclear how adipocytes grow in the proximity of muscle fibers. We hypothesized that adipocytes would suppress muscle cell growth so as to grow dominantly within muscle. In this study, we investigated the effect of adipocytes on the differentiation of muscle cells in a co‐culture system. The fusion index of C2C12 myoblasts co‐cultured with 3T3‐L1 adipocytes was significantly lower than that of the control. The expression of myogenin and myosin heavy chain in C2C12 muscle cells co‐cultured with 3T3‐L1 adipocytes was significantly lower than in the control. Furthermore, the expression of Atrogin‐1 and MuRF‐1 was higher in C2C12 muscle cells co‐cultured with 3T3‐L1 adipocytes than the control. These results suggest that 3T3‐L1 adipocytes suppress the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. In addition, 3T3‐L1 adipocytes induced the expression and secretion of IL‐6 in C2C12 muscle cells. The fusion index and myotube diameter were higher in C2C12 muscle cells co‐cultured with 3T3‐L1 cells in medium containing IL‐6‐neutralizing antibody than the control. Taken together, there is a possibility that adipocyte‐induced IL‐6 expression in muscle cells could be involved in the inhibition of muscle cell differentiation via autocrine.  相似文献   
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Animals employ compasses during navigation, but little attention has been paid to how accuracy is maintained in the face of compass error, which is inevitable in biological systems. The use of multiple landmarks may minimize the effect of compass error. We allowed Clark's nutcrackers to cache seeds in an outdoor aviary with either one or four landmarks present, and subsequently subjected them to small clock‐shifts mimicking the effects of compass error. As predicted, the results showed a significant decrease in search accuracy following the clock‐shift when one landmark was present but not when four landmarks were present. These results support that nutcrackers encode information from the sun as well as terrestrial landmarks, and these spatial cues are used in a flexible manner. Overall, our results are important as they support the hypothesis that multiple landmarks may be used during situations where the sun compass has even a small amount of error.  相似文献   
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Sir:- In exnniininf 766 sera from imported sheep we had some difficulty interpreting certain results which showed a prozone tuctinn apinst L. sejroe and hardjo antigens in the leptospira microscopic afflutination test.  相似文献   
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石志刚  韦峰  万如  王亚军  安巍  秦垦 《北方园艺》2016,(21):165-170
以枸杞‘0909’为试材,采用三因素四水平二次回归通用旋转组合设计,研究不同氮、磷、钾(N、P、K)配比施肥对枸杞叶片中N、P、K含量及耐受性的影响。结果表明:不同配比施肥对‘0909’枸杞春梢生长量影响显著,并可以在春梢停止时以春梢长度数据进行建模;不同配比处理对枸杞叶片中细胞酶活性影响显著,初花期SOD活性以H7(施氮56.5、磷酸一铵9.0、尿素103.3、磷45.5、磷酸一铵74.6、钾65、硫酸钾125.0g·株~(-1))最高,H1(施氮110.5、磷酸一铵16.6、尿素204.1、磷84.5、磷酸一铵138.5、钾65、硫酸钾125.0g·株~(-1))最小,POD活性以H5(施氮56.5、磷酸一铵16.6、尿素86.7、磷84.5、磷酸一铵138.5、钾65、硫酸钾125.0g·株~(-1))最高,H6(施氮56.5、磷酸一铵16.6、尿素86.7、磷84.5、磷酸一铵138.5、钾35、硫酸钾67.3g·株~(-1))最小,CAT活性以H7最高,H5最小;不同施肥配比下‘0909’枸杞各生长期叶片中的可溶性糖含量差异显著,总体趋势为先下降后升高,盛花期达到最高;不同施肥配比对枸杞叶片中N、P、K的含量影响显著:全N含量为春梢生长期初花期盛花期初果期盛果期,春梢生长期为需氮的关键期,且H5处理的N吸收最大;全P含量以初花期为临界先下降后升高(盛果期初果期盛花期春梢生长期初花期);全K含量在各个物候期随着春梢生长有逐渐升高趋势,进入初花期含量快速增加,在初果期达到最大,随后大量开花结实急剧下降。此外通过三元二次回归通用旋转组合分析‘0909’枸杞产量,得出模型Y=0.474 86+0.118 76X_(1^2)+0.189 47X_(2^2)+0.136 44X_(3^2)-0.187 50X_2X_3。  相似文献   
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