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71.
Endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with potent immunostimulatory activity is recognized by the receptor complex of MD-2 and Toll-like receptor 4. Crystal structures of human MD-2 and its complex with the antiendotoxic tetra-acylated lipid A core of LPS have been determined at 2.0 and 2.2 angstrom resolutions, respectively. MD-2 shows a deep hydrophobic cavity sandwiched by two beta sheets, in which four acyl chains of the ligand are fully confined. The phosphorylated glucosamine moieties are located at the entrance to the cavity. These structures suggest that MD-2 plays a principal role in endotoxin recognition and provide a basis for antiseptic drug development. 相似文献
72.
Manabu Igawa Kensuke Okumura Hiroshi Okochi Naoki Sakurai 《Journal of Forest Research》2002,7(4):213-215
We have observed acid fog in Mt. Oyama adjacent to the Kanto Plains in Japan, where acid fog under pH 3 has been frequently
observed and natural fir forest (Abies firma) has been declining. We applied the simulated acid fog to the needles of fir twigs and the treatment removed calcium, boron,
and cell-wall acidic sugars from the needles. We also observed high contents of calcium, boron, and acidic sugars in throughfall
collected under the declining forest canopy. Ca++ and Mg++ ion leach via ion-exchange with major cations of fog-water and the amount of leached boron increased with the increase in
the concentration of leached Ca++. The deficiency of calcium and boron by leaching could be one of the main causes of decline of the fir forest. 相似文献
73.
Toshiho Nishita Yuichiro Tomita Takao Imanari Nobutsune Ichihara Kensuke Orito Kazuyoshi Arishima 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2011,53(1):16
Background
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) of the chicken has attracted attention for a long time because it has an important role in the eggshell formation. The developmental profile of CA-II isozyme levels in chicken erythrocytes has not been determined or reported. Furthermore, the relations with CA-II in erythrocyte and egg production are not discussed. In the present study, we isolated CA-II from erythrocytes of chickens and determined age-related changes of CA-II levels in erythrocytes.Methods
Chicken CA-II was purified by a combination of column chromatography. The levels of CA-II in the hemolysate of the chicken were determined using the ELISA system in blood samples from 279 female chickens, ages 1 to 93 weeks, 69 male chickens, ages 3 to 59 weeks and 52 weeks female Araucana-chickens.Results
The mean concentration of CA-II in hemolysate from 1-week-old female was 50.8 ± 11.9 mg/g of Hb. The mean levels of CA-II in 25-week-old (188.1 ± 82.6 mg/g of Hb), 31-week-old (193.6 ± 69.7 mg/g of Hb) and 49-week-old (203.8 ± 123.5 mg/g of Hb) female-chickens showed the highest level of CA-II. The levels of CA-II in female WL-chickens significantly decreased at 63 week (139.0 ± 19.3 mg/g of Hb). The levels of CA-II in female WL-chicken did not change from week 63 until week 93.The mean level of CA-II in hemolysate of 3-week-old male WL-chickens was 78.3 ± 20.7 mg/g of Hb. The levels of CA-II in male WL-chickens did not show changes in the week 3 to week 59 timeframe. The mean level of CA-II in 53-week-old female Araucana-chickens was 23.4 ± 1.78 mg/g of Hb. These levels of CA-II were about 11% of those of 49-week-old female WL-chickens. Simple linear regression analysis showed significant associations between the level of CA-II and egg laying rate from 16 week-old at 63 week-old WL-chicken (p < 0.01).Conclusions
Developmental changes and sexual differences of CA-II concentration in WL-chicken erythrocytes were observed. The concentration of CA-II in the erythrocyte of WL-chicken was much higher than that in Araucana-chicken (p < 0.01). 相似文献74.
The distribution of Toxocara cati larvae in the organs of chickens (n=31), experimentally inoculated with 3000 embryonated eggs, was examined 1, 2, 3, 7, 29, 86 and 175-176 days post-infection (dpi), and the infectivity of recovered larvae was evaluated by bioassay in mice. The duodenum, liver, lungs, heart, brain, pectoral muscles (white meat), and hindlimb muscles (red meat) of the chickens were HCl-pepsin digested for larval recovery. Larvae were recovered from all chickens [mean=220.4 ± 114.9 (SD)], and although no decrease of total larval recovery was observed over time, predilection sites changed: liver (92.6% of larval recovery) at 1 dpi; lungs (77.3%) and liver (20.9%) at 2 dpi; lungs (80.8%), muscles (9.4%), and liver (8.5%) at 3 dpi; muscles (52.0%) and lungs (45.6%) at 7 dpi, whereafter most larvae were recovered from muscles: 29 dpi (99.5%), 86 dpi (99.3%) and 175-176 dpi (99.6%). In the bioassay, 52.9% of larvae from 175 to 176 days old infections in chickens established in mice, which demonstrates that T. cati larvae retain infective in the muscles of chickens for half a year. These results highlight the zoonotic potential of poultry meat as a causative agent of human toxocarosis. 相似文献
75.
Kawate N Watanabe K Uenaka K Takahashi M Inaba T Tamada H 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2011,57(2):267-272
The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the effects of adding a CIDR to the Ovsynch protocol on plasma concentrations of estradiol-17β and progesterone and conception in dairy cows with cystic ovarian diseases and 2) to examine associations among the estradiol-17β and progesterone concentrations and conception. Cows were diagnosed as having cystic ovarian diseases if they were found to have a cystic follicle (diameter ≥25 mm) without a corpus luteum by two palpations per rectum with an interval for 7 to 14 days. They were treated with either the Ovsynch (GnRH on Day 0, PGF(2α) on Day 7 and GnRH on Day 9, with AI on Day 10; n=15) or Ovsynch+CIDR protocol (Ovsynch protocol plus a CIDR from Day 0 to Day 7; n=23). Plasma estradiol-17β concentrations were determined on Days 0, 7 and 9, and plasma progesterone concentrations were determined on Days 0, 7, 9 and 17. The plasma estradiol-17β and progesterone concentrations at all of the days examined and conception rates did not differ significantly between the two timed AI protocols. The progesterone concentrations on Day 17 and conception rates were lower (P<0.05) for cows with low concentrations of estradiol-17β (<2 pg/ml) on Day 9 than for cows with high concentrations of estradiol-17β (≥2 pg/ml). The present study suggests that, in dairy cows with cystic ovarian diseases, addition of a CIDR to the Ovsynch protocol had no remarkable effects on plasma estradiol-17β and progesterone concentrations during and after the treatments or on conception after timed AI. This study indicates that the low plasma estradiol-17β concentration at the second administration of GnRH in the protocols can be a predictor for impaired luteal formation and lower likelihood of pregnancy in dairy cows with cystic ovarian diseases. 相似文献
76.
Kensuke Hirose Tetsuya Ito Kazuo Fukawa Aisaku Arakawa Satoshi Mikawa Yoichi Hayashi Kazuaki Tanaka 《Animal Science Journal》2014,85(3):198-206
We evaluated multiple effects of genetic variations of five candidate loci (LEP, LEPR, MC4R, PIK3C3 and VRTN) on four production traits (average daily weight gain (ADG); backfat thickness (BFT); loin eye muscle area (EMA); and intramuscular fat content (IMF)) in a closed nucleus herd of pure Duroc pigs. Polymorphisms in LEPR, MC4R and PIK3C3 had significant single gene effects on ADG and BFT. The additive genetic variance in ADG and BFT (16.99% and 22.51%, respectively) was explained by genetic effects of these three loci. No correlations were observed between the LEP genotype and production traits in this study. Although we detected marginally epistatic interactions between LEPR and PIK3C3 on the eye muscle area, there were no significant epistatic effects on any traits among all loci pairs. These results suggest that LEPR, MC4R, PIK3C3 and VRTN may independently influence growth rate and fat deposition. Furthermore, the statistical models for predicting the breeding values of each trait had the lowest Akaike's information criterion values when considering the effect of the MC4R, LEPR, PIK3C3 and VRTN genotype simultaneously. These results suggest that LEPR, MC4R, PIK3C3 and VRTN are useful markers for accurately predicting breeding values in Duroc pigs. 相似文献
77.
Masahisa Ibuki Yu Yoshimoto Mariko Inui Kensuke Fukui Hiroko Yonemoto Takaoki Saneyasu Kazuhisa Honda Hiroshi Kamisoyama 《Animal Science Journal》2014,85(5):562-568
The utilization of copra meal as a feed ingredient is limited because it contains a high level of mannan. However, recent findings indicate that the effect of copra meal on growth performance in broiler chickens can be improved by the supplementation of mannanase in the diet. In the present study, we examined the effect of mannanase‐hydrolyzed copra meal (MCM) on growth performance and muscle protein metabolism in growing broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Forty 8‐day‐old male broiler chicks were assigned to two groups (four birds in each pen, five replicates) and fed either a commercial diet (as a control diet) or a diet containing MCM at 0.2% until 22 days of age. Dietary MCM significantly increased the weights of body, breast muscle, and thighs in chickens, whereas the weights of abdominal adipose tissue and liver were not affected. Cumulative feed intake was significantly increased by MCM. Dietary MCM significantly decreased plasma 3‐methylhistidine level. The messenger RNA and protein levels of muscle protein metabolism‐related factors were not altered by MCM. These findings suggest that the growth‐promoting effect of MCM is related to the suppression of muscle proteolysis in growing broiler chickens. 相似文献
78.
79.
Hiroshi OHTA Kanae TAKADA Yuji SUNDEN Yu TAMURA Tatsuyuki OSUGA Sue Yee LIM Masahiro MURAKAMI Noboru SASAKI Bandula Kumara WICKRAMASEKARA RAJAPAKSHAGE Kensuke NAKAMURA Masahiro YAMASAKI Mitsuyoshi TAKIGUCHI 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2014,76(3):409-414
80.
Chitose Honsho Songpol Somsri Takuya Tetsumura Kensuke Yamashita Keizo Yonemori 《Scientia Horticulturae》2007
The effective pollination period (EPP) of durian was determined by both delayed and bud pollination, during which reproductive factors affecting the EPP, e.g., stigma receptivity, pollen tube growth in the style, and ovule longevity were studied histologically. This study was conducted in three distinct locations in Thailand, namely, the Chantaburi Horticultural Research Center and two private orchards in Chantaburi and Trat provinces. Results from artificial pollination revealed that at anthesis, the durian flower is receptive and has a high fruit set ratio. A mean fruit set of 50% was obtained at anthesis in the private orchard in Chantaburi province. However, the EPP of durian was found to be very short, lasting for only one night; the fruit set from pollination on the morning after anthesis ranged from 0% to 3.4%. No fruit set occurred following pollination 24 or more hours after anthesis. When compared with the flowers of other fruit species, the durian flower has a unique feature in that it blooms overnight; the following morning, there is abscission of all parts of the flower, except the gynoecium. Thus, EPP appears to be synchronized with flower longevity. On the other hand, the durian flower was receptive several hours before anthesis. The results of chemical tests, including the hydrogen peroxide test and Perex-Test®, for the evaluation of stigma receptivity appeared to be in agreement with the EPP. However, fluorescent microscopy revealed that pollen could germinate even in the stigmas pollinated 48 h after anthesis, but the number of pollen tubes at the top of the style rapidly decreased from 34.6 (at anthesis) to 0.5 (48 h after anthesis). A correlation test demonstrated a higher correlation coefficient between the fruit set and the number of pollen than that between the fruit set and the result of Perex-Test®. This indicated that pollen tube penetration or elongation in the style was inhibited, probably due to the deterioration of nutritional support from the pistil to the pollen tubes; this can be a limiting factor of the EPP in durian. 相似文献