Corynebacterium spp. in Dogs and Cats with Otitis Externa and/or Media: A Retrospective Study     

K Henneveld  RA Rosychuk  FJ Olea-Popelka  DR Hyatt  S Zabel 《Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association》2012,48(5):320-326

The role of Corynebacterium spp. in the pathogenesis of canine and feline otitis externa/media and their appropriate antimicrobial therapy are unclear. The objectives of this study were to (1) better establish the pathogenicity of Corynebacterium spp. in otitis utilizing reported criteria and by assessing clinical response to antibiotic therapy and (2) to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Corynebacterium spp. associated with otitis. The study was retrospective, targeting cultures positive for Corynebacterium spp. Corynebacterium spp. were part of mixed microbial populations in 79/81 cultures. Corynebacterium spp. pathogenicity was highly questionable because of their almost invariable presence with other microbes and the observation that Corynebacterium spp. usually disappear from the ear with resolution of other infections, even when the Corynebacterium spp. are resistant to the prescribed antibiotic(s). However, 2/81 cultures came from two canine ears wherein Corynebacterium spp. may have been pathogenic. Antimicrobial sensitivities for Corynebacterium spp. were available for 54 isolates. Most isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol (53/54), amikacin (50/54), tetracycline (50/54), gentamicin (46/54), and enrofloxacin (32/54). Among those antibiotics available in otic products, gentamicin and enrofloxacin would be rational choices for the empirical, topical therapy of Corynebacterium spp.  相似文献   

Porencephaly in dogs and cats: magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical signs     

Schmidt MJ  Klumpp S  Amort K  Jawinski S  Kramer M 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2012,53(2):142-149

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of brain lesions in 5 dogs and 2 cats characterized by extensive cystic changes of the cerebral hemispheres in terms of a porencephaly are presented. Age at diagnosis ranged from 12 weeks to 7 years. MRI findings were confined to the forebrain. Porencephalic lesions appeared as wedge-shaped parenchymal defects connecting the ventricular system and the subarachnoid space or as large cystic defects in the cerebral hemispheres. Although in two adult dogs the porencephalic lesions were asymptomatic, the other animals showed clinical symptoms depending on the affected cerebral area. Three animals had seizures. Interestingly, four animals showed neurological signs normally not localized to the forebrain (nystagmus, hypermetria, ataxia). Whether these clinical signs are related to impaired function of the cerebral cortex or to not recognizable lesions in the cerebello-vestibular system could not be further clarified. Although the defects develop intrauterine or postnatal, the clinical symptoms can occur later in life. The definition of porencephaly as well as its subclassification is not uniform in veterinary medicine. We suggest the term encephaloclastic porencephaly unregarding the underlying cause of the defect, which cannot be further specified by diagnostic imaging.  相似文献   

Quantification of mRNA encoding cytokines and chemokines and assessment of ciliary function in canine tracheal epithelium during infection with canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV)     

Priestnall SL  Mitchell JA  Brooks HW  Brownlie J  Erles K 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2009,127(1-2):38-46

One of the first lines of defence against viral infection is the innate immune response and the induction of antiviral type I interferons (IFNs). However some viruses, including the group 2 coronaviruses, have evolved mechanisms to overcome or circumvent the host antiviral response. Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) has previously been shown to have a widespread international presence and has been implicated in outbreaks of canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD). This study aimed to quantify pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs following infection of canine air-interface tracheal cultures with CRCoV. Within this system, immunohistochemistry identified ciliated epithelial and goblet cells as positive for CRCoV, identical to naturally infected cases, thus the data obtained would be fully transferable to the situation in vivo. An assay of ciliary function was used to assess potential effects of CRCoV on the mucociliary system. CRCoV was shown to reduce the mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 and the chemokine IL-8 during the 72 h post-inoculation. The mechanism for this is unknown, however the suppression of a key antiviral strategy during a period of physiologic and immunological stress, such as on entry to a kennel, could potentially predispose a dog to further pathogenic challenge and the development of respiratory disease.  相似文献   

Multiple-species conservation planning for European wetlands with different degrees of coordination   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kerstin Jantke  Uwe Andreas Schneider 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1812-1821

Selection and establishment of reserves was often done unplanned and uncoordinated between regions. Systematic conservation planning provides tools to identify optimally located priority areas for conservation. Planning for multiple species promises adequate provision for the needs of a range of threatened species simultaneously. Several studies apply the set-covering problem by minimizing resources for given conservation targets of multiple species. We extend this method by also considering different degrees of coordination in multiple-species conservation planning and representing reserve sizes endogenously. A deterministic, spatially explicit programming model solved with mixed integer programming is used to represent minimum habitat area thresholds for all included biodiversity features. The empirical model application to European wetland species addresses five different scenarios of coordination in conservation planning, including taxonomic, political, and biogeographical coordination of planning. Our approach illustrates and quantifies the efficiency of multi-species conservation activities. We show that maximum coordination in conservation planning enhances area efficiency by 30% compared to no coordination. Furthermore, strong coordination in conservation planning does not only reduce the area requirement, but synergy effects even enable the conservation features to achieve higher conservation objectives. Spatial subdivision of planning, however, leads to highest area requirements and less conservation target achievement.  相似文献   

Cytokine gene expression profiles of bovine dendritic cells after interaction with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (M.a.p.), Escherichia coli (E. coli) or recombinant M.a.p. heat shock protein 70     

Langelaar MF  Weber CN  Overdijk MB  Müller KE  Koets AP  Rutten VP 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2005,107(1-2):153-161

Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (M.a.p.) resides and replicates in macrophages. Many of the of immune mechanisms aiding M.a.p. survival in the host's cells are known. However, little is known about interactions of M.a.p. with dendritic cells (DC). As DC are important for the induction of protective immunity against infectious diseases, we investigated the interaction of M.a.p. with these cells. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was used to analyse differential expression of cytokine genes after 6 h and 24 h of incubation by immature DC that phagocytosed either M.a.p. or Escherichia coli (E. coli). We hypothesized that phagocytosis of E. coli would induce pro-inflammatory cytokines due to abundant presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and that the cytokine expression profile induced by phagocytosis of live M.a.p. would differ. In addition we hypothesized that incubation of immature DC with rHsp70, an immunodominant antigen of M.a.p., would induce a similar profile of cytokine gene expression as phagocytosis of intact M.a.p. However, phagocytosis of both E. coli and M.a.p. resulted in a cytokine gene expression pattern representative of a (pro-)inflammatory reaction, dominated by strong induction of IL-12 gene expression, that was higher after 24 h than after 6 h of incubation, although the response to M.a.p. was less vigorous than to E. coli. Incubation with rHsp70 resulted in a more inhibitory type of cytokine gene expression, with delayed IL-12 gene expression and downregulation of the genes for IL-1beta and IL-6 after 24 h of incubation. We conclude that bovine DC produce an immuno-stimulatory, anti-mycobacterial response to infection with M.a.p., while Hsp70 potentially contributes to pathogen virulence by allowing the bacteria to invade the host cell.  相似文献   

Persistence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xanthomonas axonopodis</Emphasis> pv. <Emphasis Type="Italic">vignicola</Emphasis> in weeds and crop debris and identification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphenostylis stenocarpa</Emphasis> as a potential new host     

Rachidatou Sikirou  Kerstin Wydra 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2004,110(9):939-947

The survival of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola, incitant of cowpea bacterial blight and pustule, in residues of infested cowpea leaves was studied in the field in the forest savanna transition zone of South Benin and under variable controlled conditions. The pathogen survived for up to 60 days when placed on the soil surface, and up to 45 days buried at depths of 10 and 20 cm. In the glasshouse, bacteria survived in residue mixed with soil for at least 2 months in dry soil and less than 2 months in moist soil. The pathogen survived at least 30 days in the field after spray-inoculation on the weed species Euphorbia heterophylla, Digitaria horizontalis and Synedrella nodiflora; 20 days on Panicum subalbidum; 10 days on Euphorbia hirta; and 5 days on Talinum triangulare. After leaf-infiltration under glasshouse conditions, the pathogen was detected after 90 days in D. horizontalis; 75 days in T. triangulare, P. subalbidum and S. nodiflora; 60 days in E. hirta, and 30 days in E. heterophylla. Among 12 legume species tested as alternative hosts of X. axonopodis pv. vignicola, only Sphenostylis stenocarpa (African yam bean) showed typical symptoms of cowpea bacterial blight in a glasshouse experiment following artificial inoculation. This is the first time this legume species has been identified as a potential host of X. axonopodis pv.vignicola. Crop residue and weeds are likely sources of primary inoculum when planting two consecutive cowpea crops per year and they probably play a role in dissemination of the pathogen during the cropping season. The alternate host may form a bridge for primary inoculum between cropping seasons.  相似文献   

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE): old diseases with new explosive force     

Borchers K 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2002,115(3-4):81-90

In view of the first 64 BSE cases (date: 11.5.01) in German cattle herds an overview on TSE and their similarities and differences regarding clinic, pathogenesis and pathology is given. The mechanism of the unconventional agent, an infectious protein (prion), is explained based on the prion model of Stanley Prusiner. The knowledge on transmission, incubation time, host specificity as well as resistance and immunity drawn from experimentally infected animals is discussed. Thus, after oral infection prions are transported by lymphocytes from the stomach-intestinal tract to the spleen. The way to the CNS is still unknown. The presumption for crossing the species barrier is twofold: first the prions of different species have to be biochemically homologous and a genetical disposition has to exist. This is the case for BSE and the new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease (vCJD). There is evidence that in Great Britain so far 97 (date: 30.3.01) young people acquired vCJD due to consumption of food that contained bovine risk material. Regarding the infectious prion dosis brain, spinal cord and lymphoid tissues are regarded to be most dangerous. The principle of the BSE-test, its evidence as well as steps for prevention and control of BSE are presented.  相似文献   

Silicon-induced basal resistance in tomato against Ralstonia solanacearum is related to modification of pectic cell wall polysaccharide structure     

Rodrigue V.C. Diogo  Kerstin Wydra   《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2007,70(4-6):120-129

Bacterial wilt incidence was reduced by 38.1% and 100% in silicon-treated plants of the moderately resistant tomato genotype King Kong 2 and the resistant genotype Hawaii 7998 grown in peat substrate. At 5 days post inoculation the bacterial population was significantly reduced in stems and roots of genotype Hawaii 7998, and in stems of King Kong 2 in silicon-treated plants compared to non-treated plants, indicating a silicon-induced resistance, since silicon accumulated in roots, but not in stems, while a tolerance effect was observed in the susceptible genotype L390. Characterization of possible molecular mechanisms involved in silicon-mediated resistance by immuno-histochemical analysis of stem cell walls indicated silicon-induced changes in the pectic polysaccharide structure. After infection homogalacturonan with non-blockwise degradation of methyl-esters was increased in vessel walls in non-silicon-treated plants, but not in silicon-treated plants, possibly indicating the action of pathogen pectinmethylesterase. Also the staining of vessel walls for arabinogalactan-protein in infected, non-silicon-treated plants was not observed in silicon-treated plants. In inoculated, silicon-treated plants, staining for arabinan side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) was increased in some vessel walls, and fluorescence of antibodies for galactan side chains of RG I overall increased in the xylem parenchyma compared to non-silicon-amended plants. These observations suggest an induced basal resistance on cell wall level after silicon treatment, while the yellow or brown autofluorescence occurring in inoculated, non-silicon-treated plants disappeared.  相似文献   

Accuracy and reproducibility of the TonoVet® rebound tonometer in birds of prey     

Anne Reuter  Kerstin Müller  Gisela Arndt  Johanna Corinna Eule 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2010,13(Z1):80-85

Objective To examine the accuracy and reproducibility of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements obtained by the TonoVet^® rebound tonometer. Animals studied Freshly enucleated healthy eyes of 44 free‐ranging birds of prey out of the species Haliaeetus albicilla, Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus, Buteo buteo, Falco tinnunculus, Strix aluco, Asio otus and Tyto alba euthanized because of unrelated health problems. Procedures IOP readings from the TonoVet^® were compared with a manometric device, with IOP being set from 5 to 100 mmHg in steps of 5 mmHg by adjusting the height of a NaCl solution reservoir connected to the eye. Reproducibility of the TonoVet^® readings was determined by repeated measurements. Results TonoVet^® and manometer values showed a strong linear correlation. In the Accipitridae, the TonoVet^® tended to increasingly overestimate IOP with increasing pressure, while in the other families, it increasingly underestimated it. In the Sparrowhawk, the values almost represent the ideal line. Reproducibility of TonoVet^® values decreases with increasing pressure in the clinically important range from 5 to 60 mmHg. Conclusion IOP values measured with the TonoVet^® demonstrated species specific deviation from the manometric measurements. These differences should be considered when interpreting IOP values. Using the regression formulae presented, corrected IOP values could be calculated in a clinical setting.  相似文献   

IPM Strategies and Their Dilemmas Including an Introduction to www. eurowheat.org     

Lise Nistrup Jorgensen  Mogens Stovring Hovmoller  Jens Gronbaek Hansen  Poul Lassen  BillClark  Rosemary Bayles  Bernd Rodemann  Kerstin Flath  Margot Jahn  Tomas Goral  JerzyCzembor j  Philip Cheyron  Claude Maumene  Claude De Pope  Rita Ban  Ghita Cordsen Nielsen  Gunilla Berg 《农业科学学报》2014,13(2):265-281

Information about disease management in winter wheat （Triticum aestiva） in eight European countries was collated and analysed by scientists and extension workers within the European Network for the Durable Exploitation of Crop Protection Strategies （ENDURE）. This included information about specific disease thresholds, decision support systems, host varieties, disease prevalence and pathogen virulence. Major differences in disease prevalence and economic importance were observed. Septoria tritici blotch （Mycosphaerella graminicola） was recognized as the most yield reducing disease in countries with intensive wheat production, but also rust diseases （Puccinia striiformis and Puccinia triticina）, powdery mildew （Blumeria graminis） and Fusarium head blight （Fusarium spp.） were seen as serious disease problems. Examples of current integrated pest management （IPM） strategies in different countries have been reported. Disease management and fungicide use patterns showed major differences, with an average input equivalent to 2.3 full dose rates （TFI） in the UK and a TFI of 0.6 in Denmark. These differences are most likely due to a combination of different cropping systems, climatic differences, disease prevalence, and socio-economic factors. The web based information platform www.eurowheat.org was used for dissemination of information and results including information on control thresholds, cultural practices which can influence disease attack, fungicide efficacy, fungicide resistance, and pathogen virulence, which are all elements supporting 1PM for disease control in wheat. The platform is open to all users. The target groups of EuroWheat information are researchers, advisors, breeders, and similar partners dealing with disease management in wheat.  相似文献