The stratum corneum: the rampart of the mammalian body     

Koji Nishifuji  Ji Seon Yoon 《Veterinary dermatology》2013,24(1):60-e16

Background –  The stratum corneum (SC) is the outermost region of the epidermis and plays key roles in cutaneous barrier function in mammals. The SC is composed of ‘bricks’, represented by flattened, protein‐enriched corneocytes, and ‘mortar’, represented by intercellular lipid‐enriched layers. As a result of this ‘bricks and mortar’ structure, the SC can be considered as a ‘rampart’ that encloses water and solutes essential for physiological homeostasis and that protects mammals from physical, chemical and biological assaults. Structures and functions –  The corneocyte cytoskeleton contains tight bundles of keratin intermediate filaments aggregated with filaggrin monomers, which are subsequently degraded into natural moisturizing compounds by various proteases, including caspase 14. A cornified cell envelope is formed on the inner surface of the corneocyte plasma membrane by transglutaminase‐catalysed cross‐linking of involucrin and loricrin. Ceramides form a lipid envelope by covalently binding to the cornified cell envelope, and extracellular lamellar lipids play an important role in permeability barrier function. Corneodesmosomes are the main adhesive structures in the SC and are degraded by certain serine proteases, such as kallikreins, during desquamation. Clinical relevance –  The roles of the different SC components, including the structural proteins in corneocytes, extracellular lipids and some proteins associated with lipid metabolism, have been investigated in genetically engineered mice and in naturally occurring hereditary skin diseases, such as ichthyosis, ichthyosis syndrome and atopic dermatitis in humans, cattle and dogs.  相似文献   

Characterization of canine filaggrin: gene structure and protein expression in dog skin     

Satoko Kanda  Takashi Sasaki  Aiko Shiohama  Koji Nishifuji  Masayuki Amagai  Toshiroh Iwasaki  Jun Kudoh 《Veterinary dermatology》2013,24(1):25-e7

Background – Filaggrin (FLG) is a key protein for skin barrier formation and hydration of the stratum corneum. In humans, a strong association between FLG gene mutations and atopic dermatitis has been reported. Although similar pathogenesis and clinical manifestation have been argued in canine atopic dermatitis, our understanding of canine FLG is limited. Hypothesis/Objectives – The aim of this study was to determine the structure of the canine FLG gene and to raise anti‐dog FLG antibodies, which will be useful to detect FLG protein in dog skin. Methods – The structure of the canine FLG gene was determined by analysing the publicly available canine genome DNA sequence. Polyclonal anti‐dog FLG antibodies were raised based on the canine FLG sequence analysis and used for defining the FLG expression pattern in dog skin by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results – Genomic DNA sequence analysis revealed that canine FLG contained four units of repeated sequences corresponding to FLG monomer protein. Western blots probed with anti‐dog FLG monomer detected two bands at 59 and 54 kDa, which were estimated sizes. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that canine FLG was expressed in the stratum granulosum of the epidermis as a granular staining pattern in the cytoplasmic region. Conclusions and clinical importance – This study revealed the unique gene structure of canine FLG that results in production of FLG monomers larger than those of humans or mice. The anti‐dog FLG antibodies raised in this study identified FLG in dog skin. These antibodies will enable us to screen FLG‐deficient dogs with canine atopic dermatitis or ichthyosis.  相似文献   

Transcription profile of chemokine receptors,cytokines and cytotoxic markers in peripheral blood of dogs with epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma     

Naoki Chimura  Aki Iio  Eiji Ozaki  Takashi Mori  Yusuke Ito  Nobuo Murayama  Masahiko Nagata  Kaori Ide  Koji Nishifuji  Hiroaki Kamishina  Sadatoshi Maeda 《Veterinary dermatology》2013,24(6):628-e155

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A simple,low‐cost technique for in situ measurement of leaf P concentration in field‐grown rice     

Koji Yamane  Ranee C. Mabesa-Telosa  Ryosuke Tajima  Nino P. M. C. Banayo  Yoichiro Kato 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2019,182(1):28-30

Simple tools for diagnosing crop nutritional status are in great demand by agricultural extension staff, particularly in low‐fertility environments. We developed the first practical method for in situ diagnosis of phosphorus (P) nutrition in field‐grown cereal crops by using a handheld colorimeter. The concentration of P in extracts from fresh leaves of lowland rice grown under various P availabilities was closely correlated with that of oven‐dried leaves measured with the standard molybdenum‐blue method in the laboratory, over a range of values from 0.319 to 1.420 mg P g ^?1 DW (r = 0.885^**, n = 14). It takes only 3–5 min to estimate the P concentration of plant samples using the new technique. Although not as accurate as the laboratory method, the new method can easily detect P deficiency of rice in the field (and possibly other cereal crops) without requiring costly, off‐site equipment. Thus, extension staff and agronomists can easily adopt this technique.  相似文献   

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme-inhibitory peptides obtained from chicken collagen hydrolysate     

Saiga A  Iwai K  Hayakawa T  Takahata Y  Kitamura S  Nishimura T  Morimatsu F 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(20):9586-9591

In this study, collagen extracted from chicken legs (which are the yellow keratin parts containing a nail) was hydrolyzed with various enzymes, and the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity of each hydrolysate was determined. The hydrolysate by treatment with an Aspergillus species-derived enzyme had the highest activity (IC 50 = 260 microg/mL). The fraction of this hydrolysate obtained by ultrafiltration with a molecular-weight cutoff of 3000 Da (low fraction) had a stronger activity (IC 50 = 130 microg/mL) than the fractionated one. This fraction was further fractionated by HPLC, and the peptides in the fraction with high ACE-inhibitory activity were identified. The amino acid sequences of the four peptides were identified using a protein sequencer. These peptides were synthesized to confirm their ACE-inhibitory activities; this showed that peptides with a Gly-Ala-Hyp-Gly-Leu-Hyp-Gly-Pro sequence had the highest activity (IC 50 = 29 microM). When the low fraction was administered to spontaneous hypertensive rats, a decrease in their blood pressure was observed after 2 h of administration, and a significant decrease in blood pressure (-50 mmHg) was observed after 6 h. Moreover, long-term administration studies indicated that the low fraction showed a significant suppression of increased blood pressure.  相似文献   

Molecular characterization of an H1N2 swine influenza virus isolated in Miyazaki, Japan, in 2006   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Saito T  Suzuki H  Maeda K  Inai K  Takemae N  Uchida Y  Tsunemitsu H 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2008,70(4):423-427

Swine influenza virus (SIV) was isolated from a farm in Miyazaki Prefecture in Japan in July 2006. An isolate was genetically subtyped as H1N2 and was designated A/swine/Miyazaki/1/2006 (H1N2). The nucleotide sequences of all eight viral RNA segments were determined, and then phylogenetic analysis was performed using the neighbor-joining method. All segments were shown to be closely related to those of Japanese SIV H1N2 isolates, which have been circulating since the 1980s. The results indicate the persistence of the SIV H1N2 subtype in the Japanese pig population for more than two decades and emphasize the importance of continuous surveillance for SIV.  相似文献   

Histopathological characteristics of hepatic lipogranulomas with portosystemic shunt in dogs     

Isobe K  Matsunaga S  Nakayama H  Uetsuka K 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2008,70(2):133-138

In the canine liver with portosystemic shunts (PSS), focal lesions consisting of cells with cytoplasmic brown pigments and lipid vacuoles are often observed in the hepatic parenchyma. Termed lipogranulomas, their histopathological characteristics have been little studied. In the present study, we examined liver biopsy samples from 144 dogs (age: 3 months-16 years; 65 PSS and 79 non-PSS cases), and investigated the histopathological characteristics, incidence, and density of lipogranulomas. Lipogranulomas were detected histopathologically in 55.4% of PSS dogs. The lesions were then grouped into 3 types according to the amount of cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles and brown pigments. The pigments were positive for Berlin blue, PAS, and Sudan black B, but negative with the Hall method. The majority of the cells were immunohistochemically positive for macrophage scavenger receptor, class A (MSR-A), while no cells were positive for hepatocyte-antigen and albumin. The cytoplasmic pigments were recognized as electron-dense microgranular materials by electron microscopy. The incidence of lipogranulomas was significantly higher in the PSS group than non-PSS group when dogs less than 1 year old were excluded. The lipogranuloma density in the liver was significantly higher in the PSS group. It is concluded that lipogranulomas are frequently observed in liver biopsies of canine PSS especially in dogs more than 1 year old. The lesions consisted of Kupffer cells and/or macrophages, and the cytoplasmic brown pigments are ceroid and hemosiderin. The pathogenesis of lipogranuloma in PSS needs to be clarified.  相似文献   

Hypereosinophilic syndrome in two cats     

Takeuchi Y  Matsuura S  Fujino Y  Nakajima M  Takahashi M  Nakashima K  Sakai Y  Uetsuka K  Ohno K  Nakayama H  Tsujimoto H 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2008,70(10):1085-1089

Two cats showing chronic vomiting, diarrhea and weight loss were found to have leukocytosis with marked eosinophilia. Both cats were diagnosed with hypereosinophilic syndrome by the findings of increased eosinophils and their precursors in the bone marrow, eosinophilic infiltration into multiple organs, and exclusion of other causes for eosinophilia. Although cytoreductive chemotherapy with hydroxycarbamide and prednisolone was performed, these two cats died 48 days and 91 days after the initial presentation.  相似文献   

Epidemic of equine influenza among vaccinated racehorses in Japan in 2007   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Yamanaka T  Niwa H  Tsujimura K  Kondo T  Matsumura T 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2008,70(6):623-625

On August 2007, we encountered equine influenza epidemic by Florida sub-lineage strain (H3N8) in Japan Racing Association's facilities where 4142 racehorses in total were stabled. The number of new febrile cases sharply increased, but the occurrence was rapidly calmed down within 2 weeks. The morbidity rate in these facilities was 12.8% and the subclinical infection rate of healthy racehorses examined by rapid antigen detection tests was 19.4% at the early stage of epidemic. The serological studies along with the low morbidity rate and the existence of numbers of asymptomatically infected racehorses, suggested that the cross-reactivity of the antibodies provided by vaccination against the epidemic strain contributed to reducing the morbidity rate and duration of epidemic.  相似文献   

Muscle tissue kinetics of oxytetracycline following intramuscular and oral administration at two dosages to giant freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)     

A. POAPOLATHEP  S. POAPOLATHEP  U. JERMNAK  K. IMSILP  N. WANNAPAT  Y. SUGITA‐KONISHI  S. KUMAGAI 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2008,31(6):517-522

The giant river shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), a native species of Thailand, is either exported for commercial purposes or supplied to meet the local requirements in Thailand. Limited pharmacokinetic information of the major antibiotic, oxytetracycline (OTC), is available for this freshwater shrimp. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the muscle tissue kinetics of OTC in M. rosenbergii following either intramuscular (i.m.) or oral (p.o.) administration at two dosages of 11 and 22 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). The concentration of OTC in shrimp tissues was measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a fluorescence detector. Muscle tissue concentrations were below the detection limit (LOD, 0.1 μg/g) after 96 and 120 h, following i.m. and p.o. administration, respectively. Peak muscle concentrations (C_max) were 3.47 and 1.73 μg/g after i.m. and p.o. administration at a single dose of 11 mg/kg b.w. whereas they were 6.03 and 2.51 μg/g at a single dose of 22 mg/kg b.w., respectively. A noncompartment model was developed to describe the pharmacokinetics of OTC in the giant freshwater shrimp. The terminal half‐lives of OTC were 28.68 and 28.09 h after i.m. and p.o. administration at a single dose of 11 mg/kg b.w., but 29.95 and 27.03 h at a single dose of 22 mg/kg b.w., respectively. The relative bioavailability was 82.32 and 64.67% following i.m. and p.o. administration, respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, i.m. and p.o. administration with OTC at a dose of 11 mg/kg b.w. would be appropriate for use in giant freshwater shrimp farming. To avoid the OTC residue in shrimp muscle, it should take at least seven half‐lives (8 days) to wash out the drug from the muscle of M. rosenbergii.  相似文献