Taking the "waste" out of "wastewater" for human water security and ecosystem sustainability     

SB Grant  JD Saphores  DL Feldman  AJ Hamilton  TD Fletcher  PL Cook  M Stewardson  BF Sanders  LA Levin  RF Ambrose  A Deletic  R Brown  SC Jiang  D Rosso  WJ Cooper  I Marusic 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,337(6095):681-686

Humans create vast quantities of wastewater through inefficiencies and poor management of water systems. The wasting of water poses sustainability challenges, depletes energy reserves, and undermines human water security and ecosystem health. Here we review emerging approaches for reusing wastewater and minimizing its generation. These complementary options make the most of scarce freshwater resources, serve the varying water needs of both developed and developing countries, and confer a variety of environmental benefits. Their widespread adoption will require changing how freshwater is sourced, used, managed, and priced.  相似文献   

Prelude to RECOVER: Time is up for veterinary CPR guidelines     

Manuel Boller Dr. med. vet.  MTR  DACVECC  Dan J Fletcher PhD  DVM  DACVECC 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2012,22(2):143-144

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Evaluation of L‐lactate and cardiac troponin I in horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery     

Rolfe M. Radcliffe DVM  DACVS  Thomas J. Divers DVM  DACVIM  DACVECC  Daniel J. Fletcher DVM  PhD  DACVECC  Hussni Mohammed BVSc  DPVM  MPVM  PhD  Marc S. Kraus DVM  DACVIM 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2012,22(3):313-319

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Spiroplasma citri Movement into the Intestines and Salivary Glands of Its Leafhopper Vector, Circulifer tenellus     

Kwon MO  Wayadande AC  Fletcher J 《Phytopathology》1999,89(12):1144-1151

ABSTRACT Spiroplasma citri, a helical, wall-less prokaryote in the class Molli-cutes, is transmitted by the beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus. Invasion of leafhopper tissues and cytopathological effects by S. citri were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All eight cell types of the principle salivary glands, as well as the adjacent muscle cells and the cells of the accessory salivary glands, were colonized by the spiroplas-mas. In both midgut epithelia and salivary gland cells, spiroplasmas usually occurred in membrane-bound cytoplasmic vesicles that often were located near the cell periphery. In several salivary gland cells, spiroplas-mas were also observed within membranous pockets apparently formed by invagination of the plasmalemma beneath intact basal lamina. These observations are consistent with spiroplasma entry into the insect cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Cytopathological effects of spiroplasma infection in salivary cells included loss of membrane and basal lamina integrity, presence in some cells of irregular inclusion-like structures containing dense matrices of filamentous material that labeled with anti S. citri antibodies, and apparent disorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum. Compared to the tightly aligned fiber bundles in healthy muscle cells, bundles in spiroplasma-containing muscle cells appeared fragmented and loosely arranged. Such symptoms could contribute to the reduction in longevity and fecundity that has been previously reported for S. citri-infected C. tenellus.  相似文献   

Signaling of cell fate decisions by CLAVATA3 in Arabidopsis shoot meristems   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Fletcher JC  Brand U  Running MP  Simon R  Meyerowitz EM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1999,283(5409):1911-1914

In higher plants, organogenesis occurs continuously from self-renewing apical meristems. Arabidopsis thaliana plants with loss-of-function mutations in the CLAVATA (CLV1, 2, and 3) genes have enlarged meristems and generate extra floral organs. Genetic analysis indicates that CLV1, which encodes a receptor kinase, acts with CLV3 to control the balance between meristem cell proliferation and differentiation. CLV3 encodes a small, predicted extracellular protein. CLV3 acts nonautonomously in meristems and is expressed at the meristem surface overlying the CLV1 domain. These proteins may act as a ligand-receptor pair in a signal transduction pathway, coordinating growth between adjacent meristematic regions.  相似文献   

Exsheathment of Ostertagia ostertagi infective larvae following exposure to bovine rumen contents derived from low and high roughage diets     

DeRosa AA  Chirgwin SR  Fletcher J  Williams JC  Klei TR 《Veterinary parasitology》2005,129(1-2):77-81

The objective of this study was to characterize the exsheathment kinetics of Ostertagia ostertagi infective larvae (L3) following in vivo exposure to bovine rumen contents derived from low and high roughage diets. O. ostertagi L3 were placed in disposable dialysis bags and incubated for various time points between 0 and 360 min in the rumen of a fistulated steer maintained on a 71% grain diet or a 100% grass diet. The maximum percentage of exsheathed L3 was observed 120 min post-exposure to grass-derived rumen contents, while maximum exsheathment for L3 exposed to grain-derived rumen contents did not occur until 360 min. This work provides the first report of the in vivo exsheathment kinetics for O. ostertagi in its bovine host. Results of this study also support earlier reports that rumen pH may affect the exsheathment efficiency of abomasal trichostrongylids.  相似文献   

A critical shortage in u.s. Agricultural research funding: a time for action     

Keen NT  Fletcher J 《Phytopathology》2003,93(1):18-19

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A bibliography of the citrus psylla,Trioza Erytreae (Del Guercio) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), up to 1987     

M. A. Van Den Berg  Cecelia D. Fletcher 《Phytoparasitica》1988,16(1):47-61

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Detection and identification of a phytoplasma from lucerne with Australian lucerne yellows disease   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

L. J. Pilkington †  K. S. Gibb  G. M. Gurr  M. J. Fletcher  A. Nikandrow  E. Elliott  R. van de Ven  D. M. Y. Read 《Plant pathology》2003,52(6):754-762

Foliar and root symptoms are described for Australian lucerne yellows (ALuY), a disease common in Australian lucerne seed crops. A phytoplasma was detected in plants exhibiting symptoms, but not in symptomless lucerne plants. Oligonucleotide primers specific to the phytoplasma 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (SR) were used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays on DNA extracted from lucerne plants with and without symptoms. Identical restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) enzyme profiles were obtained for PCR products amplified from 10 yellows-affected lucerne samples. RFLP profiles obtained for four restriction enzymes were different from those of the tomato big bud (TBB) phytoplasma. ALuY phytoplasma PCR products were sequenced to determine phylogeny and were found to fall within the faba bean phyllody phytoplasma group, or phytoplasma group 16srII. Transmission electron microscopy revealed phytoplasmas in the phloem of yellows-affected plant samples, but not in symptomless plant samples. Fungal, bacterial and viral agents in the aetiology of Australian lucerne yellows were ruled out.  相似文献   

Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the electroencephalogram in normal horses during spontaneous drowsiness and sleep     

Williams DC  Aleman M  Holliday TA  Fletcher DJ  Tharp B  Kass PH  Steffey EP  LeCouteur RA 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2008,22(3):630-638

BACKGROUND: The influence of sleep on the equine electroencephalogram (EEG) has not been well documented. HYPOTHESIS: The objectives were to develop a noninvasive method of electrode placement for recording the EEG in horses and to establish normal EEG parameters for the various states of vigilance. Findings are compared with previously published reports on equine sleep based on electrocorticography (ECoG). ANIMALS: Five neurologically normal horses. METHODS: Overnight EEGs were recorded digitally in association with simultaneous videotaping of the horses' behavior. Data were analyzed by visual inspection, states of vigilance were identified, and representative segments were quantitatively processed. Transient EEG events were examined. RESULTS: Slow wave sleep (SWS) was significantly different (P < .05) in frequency and power from drowsiness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Second-degree heart block was associated with SWS as were transient events commonly recognized in EEGs of humans. Drowsiness and REM sleep were similar. In both, background activity was low-amplitude beta activity admixed with prominent activity of approximately 4 Hz. Standing REM sleep was associated with numerous partial collapses in 1 horse. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Normative data for several states were described and probable benign variants identified. This information will serve as control data for sedative and anesthetic studies in this species. The sleep patterns observed during this study are those of horses removed from their usual surroundings, and thus may represent those encountered in a clinical environment.  相似文献