排序方式： 共有47条查询结果，搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
CE Reid BD Gartrell M Van Andel KJ Stafford EO Minot K McInnes 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2020,68(2):84-91
ABSTRACTAims: To characterise and classify wounds in sheep suspected to have been caused by attacks by kea (Nestor notabilis) (kea strike), and to report the prevalence of these wounds on five high country farms in the South Island of New Zealand.Methods: Data were collected from farms between 28 August 2012 and 20 September 2013. Sheep were examined opportunistically immediately after shearing for signs of wounds caused by kea. The age and sex of sheep were also recorded. Wounds were measured and characterised as recent, healing, or healed, and the estimated true prevalence was calculated for each farm.Results: Injuries consistent with kea strike wounds were identified in 70/13,978 (0.5%) sheep examined. The estimated true prevalence varied between farms, from 0 (95% CI?=?0–0.16) to 1.25 (95% CI?=?0.97–1.61)%. Of the 76 wounds identified, 61 (80%) were located in the lumbar region, and 74 (97%) consisted of full-thickness ulceration of the skin, one showed evidence of injury to muscle and one to bone. The median length of the 63 wounds measured was 6 (min 1, max?23.5) cm, and 10/63 (13%) were categorised as recently healed, 47/63 (62%) as healing, and 17/63 (22%) as recent wounds.Conclusions: The results of this study show that kea strike on sheep was occurring at a low prevalence on the high country farms surveyed. The wounds identified were survivable, but the welfare impact of kea strike on sheep should be considered in balance with the conservation status of kea. There was clear variation in the prevalence of wounds attributed to kea strike between the farms but we were not able to identify the risk factors contributing to these differences. Future studies of kea strike should examine variables such as altitude, local kea density and distribution, and differences in kea strike management and husbandry practices, and should include high country farms without a history of kea strike. 相似文献
42.
AIM: To determine the suitability of a reversible, injectable anaesthetic combination including medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine to produce the degree of immobilisation required to allow blood sampling in young pigs. METHODS: Twenty 6-week-old crossbred, intact male pigs were sedated with an intramuscular (I/M) injection of 80 µ'g/kg medetomidine, 200 µ'g/kg butorphanol and 25 µ'g/kg atropine. Heart and respiratory rates and rectal temperatures were monitored. Excessive salivation, gagging, laryngeal reflex, presence of pedal reflex and deep and surface analgesia were noted. Time of injection and the time when pigs reached mild and full sedation were also recorded. RESULTS: Mild sedation was produced in 90% of pigs after 5.6 (SEM 0.96) min (n=18; median 5, range 2–16 min), and full sedation (lateral recumbency and loss of jaw tone) in 60% of pigs after 12.5 (SEM 2.14) min (n=12; median 10, range 5-28 min). The depth and duration of sedation were very variable and most animals were easily aroused. Ninety percent of the animals required the administration of halothane by mask to allow blood sampling, but the amount of halothane required was small. Heart and respiratory rates decreased (p<0.001) but remained within the normal range. Rectal temperature was above normal at the time of sedation and at the time of blood sampling when the ambient temperature was 29° C but not when the ambient temperature was reduced to 25°C. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine at these doses produced sedation of variable depth and duration that was insufficient on its own to allow blood sampling in the majority of pigs. Hyperthermia can occur in temperature-controlled environments when using medetomidine, butorphanol and atropine in pigs. Reduction of stress and a quieter environment may improve the effects of the anaesthetic combination. 相似文献
43.
H. D. Hess T. T. Tiemann F. Noto S. Franzel C. E. Lascano M. Kreuzer 《Agroforestry Systems》2006,68(3):209-220
An in vitro experiment was performed to compare the forage quality of foliage of Calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner var. Patulul) cultivated on either low or medium-fertility soils in Colombia and Kenya, respectively. A grass-alone diet, with and without urea supplementation, and five legume-supplemented diets (1/3 of dietary dry matter) were tested with the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec) (n = 4). The legume supplements consisted of Cratylia (Cratylia argentea), Calliandra from Colombia or Kenya, or 1:1 mixtures of Cratylia with Calliandra Colombia or Kenya. The tannin content of Calliandra Colombia was almost twice as high as that of Calliandra Kenya. Supplementation with urea or Cratylia alone, but not with Calliandra alone, increased ammonia concentration in the fermenter fluid. Unlike Calliandra Colombia, Calliandra Kenya in mixture with Cratylia increased ammonia concentration. The apparent degradation of organic matter increased with all types of supplementation, except with Calliandra Colombia alone. Although the foliage of Calliandra from the two cultivation sites had similar contents of organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre, they differed in␣nearly all fermentation properties. The material from Kenya showed a higher apparent nutrient degradability. These results indicate that C. calothyrsus var. Patulul cultivated at the Kenyan site had a clearly higher forage quality than foliage from the same variety cultivated in Colombia. However, both materials had a much lower forage quality than Cratylia. The Cratylia-related effects on ruminal fermentation were mainly the results of an increased supply of fermentable nitrogenous compounds as was obvious from the comparison with the urea-supplemented grass. 相似文献
44.
45.
46.
Total viable rumen bacteria counts through the use of colony-unit forming assays lack accuracy because they only include culturable bacteria capable of initiating cell division. Thus, bacterial counts can be underestimated. The use of fluorescent characteristics of cell membranes allows flow cytometry to enumerate and distinguish dead from live bacteria cells. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the viable and total ruminal bacteria counts when 3 levels of forage:concentrate in diets were fed at restricted levels with the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (YC). Three cannulated post-pubertal Holstein heifers (age 18 ± 1.0 months) were fed corn silage (CS)-based diets in a 3-period (35 d) Latin square design. Heifers were fed the diets for 21 d with no yeast addition, followed by 14 d where yeast culture (YC) was added (1 g/kg as-fed basis); (Yea-Sacc1026, Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY). A low concentrate (LC) TMR (80% CS, 20% concentrate; 12.4% CP, 35% NDF), a medium concentrate (MC) TMR (60% CS, 40% concentrate; 12.3% CP. 28% NDF), and a high concentrate (HC) TMR (40% CS, 60% concentrate; 12.6% CP, 25% NDF), were fed once per day. Rumen fluid was sampled − 2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 h after feeding. Samples were immediately stained with fluorescent dyes using the BacLight kit (Molecular Probes Inc., Eugene, OR) and analyzed with a Coulter XL-MCL single laser flow cytometer. Mean rumen viable bacteria counts linearly increased among treatments (4.96, 4.78, 6.73 × 1011 ± 0.53 × 1011 cells/ml; P = 0.02) for LC, MC and HC respectively, and YC addition increased number of viable bacteria cells (P < 0.01). Total and viable bacteria counts decreased for the first 2 h after feeding then increased 4 h post-feeding. Dietary concentrate level and YC can alter rumen bacteria counts as measured by this method. 相似文献
47.
Machado S. Bynum E. D. Archer T. L. Lascano R. J. Wilson L. T Bordovsky J. Segarra E. Bronson K. Nesmith D. M. Xu W. 《Precision Agriculture》2000,2(4):359-376
Inadequate information on factors affecting crop yield variability has contributed to the slow adoption of site-specific farming (SSF). This study was conducted to determine the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the spatial and temporal variability of irrigated corn grain yields and to derive information useful for SSF. The effects of water (80% evapotranspiration (ET) and 50% ET), hybrid (drought-tolerant and -susceptible), elevation, soil index (SI)(texture), soil NO3–N, arthropods, and diseases on corn grain yield were investigated at Halfway, TX on geo-referenced locations. Grain yields were influenced by interrelationships among biotic and abiotic factors. Grain yields were consistently high under high water treatment, at higher elevations, and on soils with high SI (high clay and silt). Soil NO3–N increased grain yields when water was adequate. Management zones for variable rate fertilizer and water application should, therefore, be based on information on elevation, SI, and soil NO3–N. The effects of arthropods, diseases, and crop stress (due to drought and N) on corn grain yield were unpredictable. Spider mite (Oligonychus pratensis) and common smut (Ustilago zeae) damage occurred under hot and dry conditions in 1998. Spider mite infestations were high in areas with high soil NO3–N. Moderate air temperatures and high relative humidity in 1999 favored southwestern corn borer (Diatraea grandiosella) and common rust (Puccinia maydis) incidences. Knowledge of conditions that favor arthropods and diseases outbreak and crop stress can improve the efficiency of scouting and in-season management of SSF. Management of SSF can be improved when effects of biotic and abiotic factors on grain yield are integrated and evaluated as a system. 相似文献