Butorphanol tartrate acts to decrease sow activity, which could lead to reduced pig crushing.   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

M F Haussmann  D C Lay  H S Buchanan  J G Hopper 《Journal of animal science》1999,77(8):2054-2059

The objective of this study was to determine whether administration of an analgesic to sows immediately after farrowing would allow them to lie more restfully. Sows lying on their pigs, causing them to be "crushed," is a major cause of pig mortality. Most deaths due to crushing occur during the first 3 d postpartum. For modern, lean-type sows, farrowing crates are relatively hard and unforgiving, even though they may be equipped with plastic-coated, expanded metal flooring. Indeed, many sows develop pressure sores on their shoulders, and this may contribute to the sows' discomfort. These sores may cause a sow to change position frequently to alleviate pain, thus increasing its chances of crushing pigs. Sixteen production sows were assigned to either a control group (C, n = 8) with litter size 11.71+/-.78 or an experimental group (B, n = 8) with litter size 11.63+/-1.22. Pigs born to C and B sows weighed 1.60+/-.04 and 1.37+/-.04 kg, respectively. The C sows were given no treatment, whereas the B sows were administered an i.m. injection of butorphanol tartrate at a dose of .15 mg/kg BW every 6 h until 3 d after farrowing. Data were collected on all sows using time-lapse photography (1 frame/.4 s) for a 3-d duration upon the initiation of farrowing. To assess the degree of comfort of each sow, body position changes were recorded when sows switched between lying, sitting, and standing. Data were analyzed by 12-h periods using Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney equations. During the 72-h period, B sows tended to perform fewer position changes than C sows (P = .10). Specifically, position changes were fewer for B sows from 48 to 72 h postpartum (P<.06). There were no differences in position changes between treatments from 0 to 48 h postpartum (P>.50). There was no difference in the rate of crushing between treatments (C = 5, B = 5). The butorphanol did not seem to affect pig activity or normal behaviors or to create adverse effects, such as diarrhea. Although the sows given butorphanol showed a reduced number of position changes, the dose was intermediate, and a higher dose may have a greater effect. If pig mortality can be decreased, an analgesic protocol that is simple to administer and readily available to producers can be developed. Alternatively, using of more pliable flooring or an increase in sow body fat may allow sows to lie more stationary.  相似文献   

The effects of ractopamine on the behavior and physiology of finishing pigs     

Marchant-Forde JN  Lay DC  Pajor EA  Richert BT  Schinckel AP 《Journal of animal science》2003,81(2):416-422

The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of ractopamine (RAC) on the behavior and physiology of pigs during handling and transport. Twenty-four groups of three gilts were randomly assigned to one of two treatments 4 wk before slaughter: finishing feed plus RAC (10 ppm) or finishing feed alone. Pigs were housed in the same building in adjacent pens with fully slatted floors and ad libitum access to feed and water. Behavioral time budgets were determined in six pens per treatment over a single 24-h period during each week. Behavioral responses of these pigs to routine handling and weighing were determined at the start of the trial and at the end of each week. Heart-rate responses to unfamiliar human presence were measured in all pigs and blood samples were taken from a single pig in each pen on different days during wk 4. At the end of wk 4, all pigs were transported for 22 min to processing. Heart rate was recorded from at least one pig per pen during transport and a postmortem blood sample was taken from those pigs that were previously sampled. During wk 1 and 2, RAC pigs spent more time active (P < 0.05), more time alert (P < 0.05), and less time lying in lateral recumbency (P < 0.05). They also spent more time at the feeder in wk 1 (P < 0.05). At the start of the trial, there were no differences in behavioral responses to handling. However, over each of the next 4 wk, fewer RAC pigs exited the home pen voluntarily, they took longer to remove from the home pen, longer to handle into the weighing scale and needed more pats, slaps, and pushes from the handler to enter the scales. At the end of wk 4, RAC pigs had higher heart rates in the presence of an unfamiliar human (P < 0.05) and during transport (P < 0.05), but not during loading and unloading. Also at the end of wk 4, RAC pigs had higher circulating catecholamine concentrations (P < 0.05) than control pigs. Circulating cortisol concentrations and cortisol responses to transport did not differ between treatments. The results show that ractopamine affected behavior, heart rate, and catecholamine profile of finishing pigs and made them more difficult to handle and potentially more susceptible to handling and transport stress.  相似文献   

Dichloroacetamide antidotes enhance thiocarbamate sulfoxide detoxification by elevating corn root glutathione content and glutathione S-transferase activity     

Ming-Muh Lay  John E. Casida 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1976,6(5):442-456

Glutathione (GSH) content and GSH S-transferase activity are consistently increased in corn roots on 24-hr exposure of corn seedlings to part per million levels of N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide (R-25788) and related antidotes for thiocarbamate herbicide injury in susceptible corn varieties. This combined enhancement of enzyme activity and cofactor level leads to rapid detoxification of thiocarbamate sulfoxides, which are proposed to be the active herbicidal compounds formed on metabolic sulfoxidation. S-(N,N-Dipropylcarbamyl)-GSH is formed by this enzyme-catalyzed detoxification of EPTC sulfoxide. This hypothesis on antidote mode of action is supported by studies on 32 dichloroacetamides and related compounds and on the concentration- and time-dependent relationships of R-25788 action. The liver GSH content is normal in mice injected with high doses of R-25788, but the content is reduced when EPTC or EPTC sulfoxide is administered. EPTC sulfoxide also carbamoylates the thiol group of coenzyme A in neutral aqueous medium.  相似文献   

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis with encapsulated nematodes in a horse.     

N D Cohen  J K Loy  J C Lay  T M Craig  W C McMullan 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1992,200(10):1518-1520

A 3-year-old Quarter Horse gelding admitted for evaluation of weight loss, signs of depression, and dermatitis of the coronary bands was found to have eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Intralesional nematodes identified as Strongylus edentatus were seen in multiple microscopic sections of the small colon, suggesting a parasitic cause of the disease.  相似文献   

Spontaneous neoplasms in aging Gerbillinae. A summary of forty-four neoplasms     

S E Rowe  J L Simmons  D H Ringler  D M Lay 《Veterinary pathology》1974,11(1):38-51

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Few differences found between early- and late-weaned pigs raised in the same environment     

Hohenshell LM  Cunnick JE  Ford SP  Kattesh HG  Zimmerman DR  Wilson ME  Matteri RL  Carroll JA  Lay DC 《Journal of animal science》2000,78(1):38-49

Segregation and medicated early weaning are technologies used to optimize the productivity and health of pigs, but these practices may also cause aberrant behaviors indicative of stress. Thus, differences in early- (=10 d of age) and late- (=30 d of age) weaned pigs were investigated. At weaning, pigs were housed in groups of four in 16 pens (eight pens per treatment) in the same facility, and, thus, they were not segregated. Body weights were recorded at birth, weaning, and at approximately 42, 65, 102, 137, and 165 d of age (at slaughter). One-minute, instantaneous scan samples during a 10-min period (at 0600, 1000, 1400, and 1800) were used to record the frequency of lying, standing, and sitting, total number of drinks, feeder investigations, and time spent playing/fighting on 2, 3, and 4 d after weaning. Five-minute, direct observations of each pig were conducted at approximately 40, 60, 80, and 150 d of age. Direct observations were also made of the entire pen for 10 min at approximately 50, 95, 123, and 160 d of age to record aberrant behaviors. At 62 d of age, a handling and blood collection stress was imposed. At 165 d of age, a second stress test was conducted in response to rough handling and transport. Early-weaned pigs spent more time playing/ fighting (P < .006) than late-weaned pigs during the 4 d after weaning, manipulated conspecifics more often at 40 d of age (P < .002), had greater percentage of hemoglobin (P < .03) during Stress Test 1, had greater ADG at 42 d of age (P < .03), and had greater hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor mRNA at slaughter (P < .06). Late-weaned pigs had greater ADG between 137 and 165 d of age (P < .03) and greater pro-opiomelanocortin at slaughter (P < .04). Overall, most differences found between early-weaned and late-weaned pigs were evident soon after weaning, but they disappeared before slaughter.  相似文献   

The great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Lay T  Kanamori H  Ammon CJ  Nettles M  Ward SN  Aster RC  Beck SL  Bilek SL  Brudzinski MR  Butler R  DeShon HR  Ekström G  Satake K  Sipkin S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5725):1127-1133

The two largest earthquakes of the past 40 years ruptured a 1600-kilometer-long portion of the fault boundary between the Indo-Australian and southeastern Eurasian plates on 26 December 2004 [seismic moment magnitude (Mw) = 9.1 to 9.3] and 28 March 2005 (Mw = 8.6). The first event generated a tsunami that caused more than 283,000 deaths. Fault slip of up to 15 meters occurred near Banda Aceh, Sumatra, but to the north, along the Nicobar and Andaman Islands, rapid slip was much smaller. Tsunami and geodetic observations indicate that additional slow slip occurred in the north over a time scale of 50 minutes or longer.  相似文献   

Pervasive seismic wave reflectivity and metasomatism of the Tonga mantle wedge   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Zheng Y  Lay T  Flanagan MP  Williams Q 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5826):855-859

Subduction zones play critical roles in the recycling of oceanic lithosphere and the generation of continental crust. Seismic imaging can reveal structures associated with key dynamic processes occurring in the upper-mantle wedge above the sinking oceanic slab. Three-dimensional images of reflecting interfaces throughout the upper-mantle wedge above the subducting Tonga slab were obtained by migration of teleseismic recordings of underside P- and S-wave reflections. Laterally continuous weak reflectors with tens of kilometers of topography were detected at depths near 90, 125, 200, 250, 300, 330, 390, 410, and 450 kilometers. P- and S-wave impedances decreased at the 330-kilometer and 450-kilometer reflectors, and S-wave impedance decreased near 200 kilometers in the vicinity of the slab and near 390 kilometers, just above the global 410-kilometer increase. The pervasive seismic reflectivity results from phase transitions and compositional zonation associated with extensive metasomatism involving slab-derived fluids rising through the wedge.  相似文献   

Tracheal mucus transport rate and bacterial clearance in turkeys exposed by aerosol to La Sota strain of Newcastle disease virus     

M D Ficken  J F Edwards  J C Lay  D E Tveter 《Avian diseases》1987,31(2):241-248

Tracheal mucus transport rate (TMTR) and quantitative clearance of aerosolized Escherichia coli from the trachea, lung, and air sac were measured in healthy unanesthetized turkeys and in turkeys exposed by aerosol to a La Sota vaccine strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The TMTR of uninfected turkeys was 42.4 +/- 14.7 cm/min. The TMTR of NDV-infected turkeys was depressed on days 3 through 7 postexposure (PE); depression was significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) on day 7 PE. Tracheal E. coli clearance in NDV-infected turkeys was reduced on days 4 through 9 PE, significantly so on day 5 PE (P less than or equal to 0.01). Depression of TMTR and tracheal E. coli clearance were associated histologically with replacement of normal pseudostratified columnar epithelium by 3 to 8 layers of immature nonciliated cells. E. coli clearance by the lung and air sac of NDV-infected turkeys was depressed on days 5 through 9 PE.  相似文献   

Letter to the Editor     

R.J. Bywater    J.F. Buswell  S. Lay 《The Journal of small animal practice》1979,20(3):195-196

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