Effects of timing of soil frost thawing on Scots pine     

Repo T  Kalliokoski T  Domisch T  Lehto T  Mannerkoski H  Sutinen S  Finér L 《Tree physiology》2005,25(8):1053-1062

Effects of the timing of soil thawing in the spring on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. Sixteen 6-year-old saplings were lifted from the field, replanted in containers and placed in four treatments in controlled environment (CE) chambers with four replicate saplings per chamber. The saplings were held in the CE chambers during one simulated winter and one simulated growing season. The soil was frozen to -2 degrees C during a second simulated winter in the CE chambers, and the soil thawing treatments began at the end of the second simulated winter. Soil thawing began at various times before (no delay in thawing) and after (delay in thawing) chamber air conditions were changed from simulated winter to simulated summer. Delayed soil thawing subjected saplings to stress, with the severity of stress depending on the length of the delay in thawing. If there was no delay or only a short delay in soil thawing, stress was minor and reversible. A 2-week delay in soil thawing led to death of the saplings. Stress was apparent as decreases in the variable to maximal chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (Fv/Fm), chlorophyll a/b ratio and needle water potential. In needles of stressed saplings, apoplastic electrical resistance first decreased and then increased and there were anomalies in the electrical impedance spectra of the stems. Stress from the soil thawing treatments affected both root and shoot growth.  相似文献   

Purposes and challenges of public participation in regional and local forestry in Finland     

Leena A. Leskinen   《Forest Policy and Economics》2004,6(6):315

Public participation in regional and local forest planning in Finland was researched. The questions were: (1) What is the purpose of public participation? (2) What are the challenges of public participation? The results are based on the analysis of discourse communities in a case study concerning a Regional Forest Programme and forest management planning. It was shown that the purpose of participation was to promote communication at the regional level and to gather information at the local level. The general conclusion is, that the regional forest programmes include practices to offer possibilities for communication among participants. This does not mean, that all the programme processes have reached consensus automatically. The case studied here reached compromise. The case study points out problems faced, if public participation would become common practice at the local level on non-industrial private forests lands. In forest management planning it would result in an excessively demanding mediator/expert role for the planner. The need to consider all relevant issues, e.g. biodiversity management, would also become apparent. The study supports the idea that public participation as communication has better possibilities to promote sustainable forest management than public participation as information gathering.  相似文献   

Antifungal activity of the stem bark of Ailanthus excelsa     

Joshi BC  Pandey A  Chaurasia L  Pal M  Sharma RP  Khare A 《Fitoterapia》2003,74(7-8):689-691

The methanol extract of stem barks of Alianthus excelsa was partitioned with chloroform. The chloroform extract showed fungistatic and fungicidal activity against Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Penicillium frequentence, P. notatum and Botrytis cinerea.  相似文献   

Use of ITS nuclear sequences from Phelipanche aegyptiaca as a direct tool to detect single seeds of broomrape species in the soil     

Radi Aly  Hanan Eizenberg  Marina Kocherman  Jacklin Abu-Nassar  Leena Taha  Ibrahim Saadi 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2012,133(3):523-526

Broomrape (Phelipanche and Orobanche spp.) are obligate holoparasites that attack roots of almost all economically-important crops in semiarid regions of the world. Broomrape seeds are extremely small (dust-like seeds), averaging 200 to 300?μm in size and because of the miniscule seed size it is difficult to detect and confirm via conventional methods. In this study our aim was to develop a PCR-based assay specific for broomrape soil-borne seeds and sensitive enough to detect a single or few broomrape seeds in a soil sample. For this purpose, we used complementary polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers based upon unique sequences in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA of Phelipanche aegyptiaca. Genomic DNA was extracted from soil samples artificially infested with broomrape seeds or tissue of Phelipanche aegyptiaca Pers., Orobanche cumana Wallr. and Phelipanche crenata Forsk. and subjected to PCR analysis. Using ITS-350 primers, a specific PCR product (350?bp) was amplified and detected in all samples containing broomrape species, but was not detected in soil sample free of broomrape seeds or tissues. Additionally, the PCR-based assay was sensitive enough to detect even a single broomrape seed in the soil. As expected the universal internal control primers amplified a PCR product (555?bp) of genomic DNA extracted from soil samples with or without broomrape tissues or seeds. This diagnostic method is simple, reliable and rapid and could help for assessment of broomrape seed contamination in a crop field.  相似文献   

Evaluation of well-being, productivity, and longevity of pregnant sows housed in groups in pens with an electronic sow feeder or separately in gestation stalls     

Anil L  Anil SS  Deen J  Baidoo SK  Wheaton JE 《American journal of veterinary research》2005,66(9):1630-1638

OBJECTIVE: To compare well-being, performance, and longevity of gestating sows housed in stalls or in pens with an electronic sow feeder (ESF). ANIMALS: 382 pregnant sows of parities 1 through 6. PROCEDURE: Sows were housed in separate stalls (n = 176) or group pens (206) with an ESF. Well-being of sows was assessed at various time points in terms of injuries, salivary cortisol concentration, and behavior in a novel arena or to a novel object. Farrowing performance and longevity of sows were also assessed. RESULTS: Total injury scores (TIS) of sows in pens were significantly higher at initial introduction and mixing. In stall-housed sows, TIS was significantly higher during late gestation. The TIS and cortisol concentration were significantly lower in stall-housed sows, compared with values for sows in pens. As parity increased, the likelihood of higher median TIS decreased significantly in pen-housed sows and increased significantly in stall-housed sows. The TIS of sows in pens was negatively correlated with body weight and backfat thickness, whereas these correlations were positive in stall-housed sows. Farrowing performance and results for novel arena or objects did not differ. Proportion of sows removed was significantly higher for pens than for stalls; lameness was the major reason for removal for both systems. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Stalls impose space restrictions for larger sows, resulting in injuries during late gestation. Interventions are needed to minimize aggression during initial introduction and mixing and at the ESF in pens to reduce severe injuries or lameness of gestating sows.  相似文献   

Comparison of injuries in sows housed in gestation stalls versus group pens with electronic sow feeders     

Anil L  Bhend KM  Baidoo SK  Morrison R  Deen J 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2003,223(9):1334-1338

OBJECTIVE: To compare the location and severity of injuries in pregnant sows housed in individual gestation stalls with that in pregnant sows housed in dynamic groups in pens with electronic sow feeders. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 100 pregnant sows of parity 1 to 3 and various body weights. PROCEDURE: Fifty sows each were randomly allotted to gestation stalls or group pens with electronic sow feeders. Injuries were scored on the basis of location, number, and depth of wounds. Injury scores for sows in both housing systems were compared during a period of 90 days. The influence of factors such as duration of stay in the housing system, parity, and body weight on sow injuries was also examined. RESULTS: Injury scores were higher in group pens with electronic sow feeders. As body weight increased, injury scores decreased for sows housed in group pens with electronic sow feeders and increased for sows housed in gestation stalls. There was a significant negative association between second parity and total injury scores. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Modifications in housing system design and management procedures are needed to reduce injuries in pregnant sows.  相似文献   

Challenges of pain assessment in domestic animals     

Anil SS  Anil L  Deen J 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2002,220(3):313-319

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Colonization of neonatal puppies by Staphylococcus intermedius     

Saijonmaa-Koulumies LE  Lloyd DH 《Veterinary dermatology》2002,13(3):123-130

Abstract Cutaneous and mucosal carriage of Staphylococcus intermedius was determined in five Cavalier King Charles spaniel bitches, living in normal domestic environment, and their 18 puppies during the immediate prepartum period and after whelping, over a total of 8 weeks, using quantitative swab techniques. Within 8 h of birth S. intermedius was isolated from each puppy. The nose and mouth were the most frequently colonized mucosal sites (83 and 78%, respectively). At that time S. intermedius was isolated from the abdominal skin in 78% of the puppies. One day postpartum the mucosal populations increased significantly ( P  < 0.001) but fell 6 ( P  < 0.01) and 20 ( P  < 0.001) days later. Populations from abdominal skin reduced during the first and fourth weeks postpartum ( P  < 0.05 for both). This study indicates that in the domestic environment S. intermedius establishes itself soon after birth. The level of colonization by S. intermedius in the bitches seems to influence the colonization by pathogenic staphylococci in puppies.  相似文献   

Genomic prediction of grain yield in commercial Finnish oat (Avena sativa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) breeding programmes     

Hanna Haikka  Timo Knürr  Outi Manninen  Leena Pietilä  Mika Isolahti  Esa Teperi  Esa A. Mäntysaari  Ismo Strandén 《Plant Breeding》2020,139(3):550-561

Genomic selection has been adopted in many plant breeding programmes. In this paper, we cover some aspects of information necessary before starting genomic selection. Spring oat and barley breeding data sets from commercial breeding programmes were studied using single, multitrait and trait-assisted models for predicting grain yield. Heritabilities were higher when estimated using multitrait models compared to single-trait models. However, no corresponding increase in prediction accuracy was observed in a cross-validation scenario. On the other hand, forward prediction showed a slight, but not significant, increase in accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values for breeding cohorts when a multitrait model was applied. When a correlated trait was used in a trait-assisted model, on average the accuracies increased by 9%–14% for oat and by 11%–28% for barley compared with a single-trait model. Overall, accuracies in forward validation varied between breeding cohorts and years for grain yield. Forward prediction accuracies for multiple cohorts and multiple years’ data are reported for oat for the first time.  相似文献   

Fate of the herbicides glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, phenmedipham, ethofumesate and metamitron in two Finnish arable soils     

Laitinen P  Siimes K  Eronen L  Rämö S  Welling L  Oinonen S  Mattsoff L  Ruohonen-Lehto M 《Pest management science》2006,62(6):473-491

The fate of five herbicides (glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, phenmedipham, ethofumesate and metamitron) was studied in two Finnish sugar beet fields for 26 months. Soil types were sandy loam and clay. Two different herbicide-tolerant sugar beet cultivars and three different herbicide application schedules were used. Meteorological data were collected throughout the study and soil properties were thoroughly analysed. An extensive data set of herbicide residue concentrations in soil was collected. Five different soil depths were sampled. The study was carried out using common Finnish agricultural practices and represents typical sugar beet cultivation conditions in Finland. The overall observed order of persistence was ethofumesate > glyphosate > phenmedipham > metamitron > glufosinate-ammonium. Only ethofumesate and glyphosate persisted until the subsequent spring. Seasonal variation in herbicide dissipation was very high and dissipation ceased almost completely during winter. During the 2 year experiment no indication of potential groundwater pollution risk was obtained, but herbicides may cause surface water pollution.  相似文献