Fertility Time Trends in Dairy Herds in Northern Portugal     

A Rocha  A Martins  J Carvalheira 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2010,45(5):896-899

The economics of dairy production are in great part dictated by the reproductive efficiency of the herds. Many studies have reported a widespread decrease in fertility of dairy cows. In a previous work ( Rocha et al. 2001 ), we found a very poor oestrus detection rate (38%), and consequently a delayed calving to 1st AI and calving to conception intervals. However, a good conception rate at 1st AI was noted (51%) resulting in a low number of inseminations per pregnancy (IAP) (1.4). Here, results from a subsequent fertility time trend assessment study carried out in the same region for cows born from 1992 to 2002 are reported. Statistical linear models were used to analyse the data. Estimate linear contrasts of least square means were computed from each model. The number of observations per studied index varied from 12 130 (culling rate) to 57 589 (non‐return rate). Mean age at first calving was 28.9 ± 0.14 months, without (p > 0.05) variation over time. There was a small, but significant (p < 0.05), deterioration of all other parameters. Non‐return rates at 90 days and calving rate at 1st AI decreased 0.3% per trimester, with a consequent increase of 0.04 IA/parturition. Oestrus detection rate decreased 0.13% per year, and calving at 1st AI and calving‐conception intervals increased 0.17 and 0.07 days/year respectively, while intercalving interval increased 1.7 days per year. From 12 130 cows calving, only 1 816 had a 4th lactation (85% culling/losses). The data was not meant to draw conclusions on the causes for the decreased fertility over time, but an increase of milk production from 6537 kg to 8590 kg (305 days) from 1996 to 2002 is probably one factor to take into consideration. Specific measures to revert or slow down this trend of decreasing fertility are warranted. Available strategies are discussed.  相似文献   

Effect of selenium and vitamin E on oxidative stress in lambs experimentally infected with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haemonchus contortus</Emphasis>     

Marta Lizandra do Reo Leal  Emmanuel Veiga de Camargo  Daniel Henrique Ross  Marcelo Beltrão Molento  Sonia Terezinha dos Anjos Lopes  João Batista Teixeira da Rocha 《Veterinary research communications》2010,34(6):549-555

The objective of this study was to evaluate oxidative stress in lambs experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus and supplemented with selenium and vitamin E. Twenty male Corriedale lambs were divided into four experimental groups with five animals each: G1 consisted of animals infected and supplemented with 0.2 mg/kg of live weight (LW) sodium selenite by intramuscular injection (IM); G2 consisted of animals infected with larvae and supplemented with 0.2 mg/kg LW sodium selenite IM and 2000 IU per animal of Vitamin E IM; G3 consisted of animals infected with larvae and supplemented with 2000 IU per animal of Vitamin E IM; and G4 consisted of animals infected with larvae. The animals were infected orally with 500 H. contortus larvae (L3) every 48 hours for 20 days. For biochemical analyses and eggs per grams of feces (EPG) evaluation, blood and feces were both collected at zero (T0), 20 (T1), 40 (T2) and 60 (T3) days. The weight of the animals was also measured at these times. Lower TBARS values were observed in the supplemented animals compared to the control group. The groups supplemented with Selenium exhibited blood GSH-Px activity higher than that of non-supplemented animals. Supplementation with selenium provided greater antioxidant protection against oxidative stress generated from experimental infection of lambs with H. contortus.  相似文献   

Nutritional evaluation of “Braquiarão” grass in association with “Aroeira” trees in a silvopastoral system     

Luciano Fernandes Sousa  Rogério Martins Maurício  Guilherme Rocha Moreira  Lúcio Carlos Gonçalves  Iran Borges  Luiz Gustavo Ribeiro Pereira 《Agroforestry Systems》2010,79(2):189-199

This study aimed at evaluating the influence of a silvopastoral system (SPS) composed of “Aroeira” trees (Myracrodruon urundeuva) on the nutritional value of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu forage grass over the rainy season. The experiment was conducted in the SPS located in the “Cerrado” biome in Lagoa Santa County, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, in the agricultural year of 2004–2005. It was evaluated the influence of “Aroeira”, whose density in the area was 140 trees/ha, on the following parameters of the B. brizantha cv. Marandu forage grass: forage mass harvest above stubble height, morphogenic attributes, bromatological composition and nutritional value. The effects of “Aroeira” trees on the micro-climatic conditions were also evaluated. The experiment adopted a randomized block design with five blocks (cutting seasons), two treatments (a shaded pasture—B. brizantha cv. Marandu shaded by M. urundeuva—and a pasture in full sun—B. brizantha cv. Marandu in full sun), and three replicates. The tree component, composed of the tree species M. urundeuva in the experimental density adopted, increased dry matter and crude protein of the forage mass harvest above stubble height, without affecting the concentration of neutral detergent fibre or acid detergent fibre, thus causing dry matter and organic matter in vitro degradability as well as effective degradability of the forage grass to remain the same as those obtained in full sun. Therefore, the results of this study show the possibility of using trees and grass to increase both animal production and environmental services.  相似文献   

Apple scab control and activation of plant defence responses using potassium phosphite and chitosan     

Ricardo B. Felipini  José I. Boneti  Yoshinori Katsurayama  Argus C. Rocha Neto  Beatriz Veleirinho  Marcelo Maraschin  Robson M. Di Piero 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2016,145(4):929-939

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Relation between plant nutrition, hormones, insecticide applications, bacterial endophytes, and Candidatus Liberibacter Ct values in citrus trees infected with Huanglongbing     

Weishou Shen  Juan M. Cevallos-Cevallos  Ulisses Nunes da Rocha  Hector A. Arevalo  Philip A. Stansly  Pamela D. Roberts  Ariena H. C. van Bruggen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2013,137(4):727-742

Intensive insecticide and nutrient management have been attempted worldwide to reduce citrus huanglongbing (HLB) symptom development and yield loss. However, effects of insecticide and nutrient applications on HLB have been poorly understood. Leaf nutrients, jasmonic and salicylic acid contents, cycle threshold (Ct) values of Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), and community structure of endophytic α-proteobacteria were evaluated after insecticide treatment, ‘nutrition’ treatment (including systemic resistance inducing agents), or both in comparison with a control in a two-factor field experiment in 2008–2012. Leaf N, Mn, Zn and B significantly increased whilst Cu decreased after nutrient applications. Salicylic acid significantly increased in old leaves treated with insecticides, nutrients or both, and in young leaves treated with nutrients only. The jasmonic acid concentration was highest after the nutrition treatment in both old and young leaves. Ct values of Las and leaf area and weight significantly increased after long-term nutrient applications in 2011 and/or 2012. Redundancy analysis of the endophytic α-proteobacteria community structure indicated that the communities were mainly separated according to nutrient applications, which were positively associated with Ct values of Las and Ca, Mn, Zn, B, Mg, and Fe contents in leaf samples collected in 2012. Thus, effects of insecticides on HLB were significant in the early 2-year period whilst nutrients had significant effects on Las content and leaf size and weight after at least 3 years of application.  相似文献   

Association of Trypanosoma vivax in extracellular sites with central nervous system lesions and changes in cerebrospinal fluid in experimentally infected goats     

Batista JS  Rodrigues CM  García HA  Bezerra FS  Olinda RG  Teixeira MM  Soto-Blanco B 《Veterinary research》2011,42(1):63

ABSTRACT: Changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and anatomical and histopathological central nervous system (CNS) lesions were evaluated, and the presence of Trypanosoma vivax in CNS tissues was investigated through PCR. Twelve adult male goats were divided into three groups (G): G1, infected with T. vivax and evaluated during the acute phase; G2, infected goats evaluated during the chronic phase; and G3, consisting of non-infected goats. Each goat from G1 and G2 was infected with 1.25 × 105 trypomastigotes. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and investigation of T. vivax was performed at the 15th day post-infection (dpi) in G1 goats and on the fifth day after the manifestation of nervous system infection signs in G2 goats. All goats were necropsied, and CNS fragments from G1 and G2 goats were evaluated by PCR for the determination of T. vivax. Hyperthermia, anemia and parasitemia were observed from the fifth dpi for G1 and G2, with the highest parasitemia peak between the seventh and 21st dpi. Nervous system infection signs were observed in three G2 goats between the 30th and 35th dpi. CSF analysis revealed the presence of T. vivax for G2. Meningitis and meningoencephalitis were diagnosed in G2. PCR were positive for T. vivax in all the samples tested. In conclusion, T. vivax may reach the nervous tissue resulting in immune response from the host, which is the cause of progressive clinical and pathological manifestations of the CNS in experimentally infected goats.  相似文献   

Cytologic diagnosis of mammary neoplastic and non‐neoplastic diseases in dogs     

Fabrizio Grandi  Breno S. Salgado  Lidianne N. Monteiro  Isabelle Ferreira  Geovanni Dantas Cassali  Noeme S. Rocha 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2011,40(4):411-412

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Leishmania spp. in Didelphis albiventris and Micoureus paraguayanus (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) of Brazil     

Quintal AP  Ribeiro Ede S  Rodrigues FP  Rocha FS  Floeter-Winter LM  Nunes CM 《Veterinary parasitology》2011,176(2-3):112-119

Leishmaniasis is kept in nature by the participation of several animal species. This study evaluated the presence of Leishmania spp. in skin samples of free-ranging marsupials Micoureus paraguayanus (n=95) and Didelphis albiventris (n=191), captured in Morro do Diabo State Park and in sections of its surrounding forest, in the region of Pontal do Paranapanema, S?o Paulo State, Brazil. The samples were tested for the presence of kDNA of Leishmania spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by real time PCR (qPCR). All samples from D. albiventris tested by PCR were negative for the presence of kDNA of Leishmania spp. However, when tested by qPCR, the positivity was 1.6%. A positivity of 7.4% by PCR and 11.6% by qPCR was observed for M. paraguayanus. Sixty-four per cent (9/14) of positive animals were limited to the same forest fragment. Presence of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis was detected in M. paraguayanus samples. While D. albiventris is the most studied marsupial species due to its urban habits, other marsupial species such as M. paraguayanus can be potential reservoirs of Leishmania spp. and should also be studied.  相似文献   

Geomorphology and soils distribution under paraglacial conditions in an ice-free area of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica     

Marcio Rocha Francelino  Carlos Ernesto G.R. Schaefer  Felipe Nogueira Bello Simas  Elpídio Incio Fernandes Filho  Jos Joo Lelis Leal de Souza  Liovando Marciano da Costa 《CATENA》2011,85(3):194-204

The main pedological, geomorphological and cryogenic features of Keller Peninsula, part of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Maritime Antarctica, were mapped and quantified with emphasis on the relationship between the ice retreat process, melt-out, landform development and soil distribution. Moraines, protalus, scree slopes, inactive glacial cirques, uplift marine terraces, biogenic landforms, arêtes and Felsenmeer were mapped. Scree slope is the main landform, covering approximately 25% of the peninsula, indicating prominent paraglacial features. Inherited, glacial landforms, such as lateral moraines, highland plateau and exhumed U shaped-valleys, are now being exposed in north Keller by ice shrinkage of former ice protecting cover. Landforms influenced soil formation and stability. Cryosols and Leptosols (WRB) roughly corresponding to Gelisols and Entisols (SSS), respectively, are the most common soil classes, with an overall tendency of absent permafrost in the coastal areas, changing to sporadic permafrost at mid-slope, and discontinuous permafrost with greater altitude and substrate stability.  相似文献   

Mapping genomic regions for reproductive traits in beef cattle: Inclusion of the X chromosome     

Iara Del Pilar Solar Diaz  Gregório Miguel Ferreira de Camargo  Valdecy Aparecida Rocha da Cruz  Isis da Costa Hermisdorff  Caio Victor Damasceno Carvalho  Lucia Galvão de Albuquerque  Raphael Bermal Costa 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2020,55(11):1650-1654

Although the second largest chromosome of the genome, the X chromosome is usually excluded from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Considering the presence and importance of genes on this chromosome that are involved in reproduction, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of its inclusion in GWAS on reproductive traits (scrotal circumference [SC], early pregnancy [P16] and age at first calving [AFC]) in a Nelore herd. Genotype data from 3,263 animals with the above-mentioned phenotypes were used. The results showed an increase in the variances explained by the autosomal markers for all traits when the X chromosome was not included. For SC, there was an increase of more than 10% for the windows on chromosomes 2 and 6. For P16, the effect was increased by almost 20% for windows on chromosome 5. The same pattern was found for AFC, with an increase of more than 10% for the most important windows. The results indicate that the noninclusion of the X chromosome can overestimate the effects of autosomes on SC, P16 and AFC not only because of the additive effect of the X chromosome itself but also because of its epistatic effect on autosomal genes.  相似文献