Evaluating the effect of liming on N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O fluxes from denitrification in an Andosol using the acetylene inhibition and <Superscript>15</Superscript>N isotope tracer methods     

Ikabongo?MukumbutaEmail authorView author&#;s OrcID profile  Yoshitaka?Uchida  Ryusuke?Hatano 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2018,54(1):71-81

We assessed the effect of liming on (1) N₂O production by denitrification under aerobic conditions using the ¹⁵N tracer method (experiment 1); and (2) the reduction of N₂O to N₂ under anaerobic conditions using the acetylene inhibition method (experiment 2). A Mollic Andosol with three lime treatments (unlimed soil, 4 and 20 mg CaCO₃ kg^?1) was incubated at 15 and 25 °C for 22 days at 50% and then 80% WFPS with or without 200 mg N kg^?1 added as ¹⁵N enriched KNO₃ in experiment 1. In experiment 2, the limed and unlimed soils were incubated under completely anaerobic conditions for 44 h (with or without 100 mg N kg^?1 as KNO₃). In experiment 1, limed treatments increased N₂O fluxes at 50% WFPS but decreased these fluxes at 80% WFPS. At 25 °C, cumulative N₂O and ¹⁵N₂O emissions in the high lime treatment were the lowest (with at least 30% less ¹⁵N₂O and total N₂O than the unlimed soil). Under anaerobic conditions, the high lime treatment showed at least 50% less N₂O than the unlimed treatment at both temperatures with or without KNO₃ addition but showed enhanced N₂ production. Our results suggest that the positive effect of liming on the mitigation of N₂O evolution from soil was influenced by soil temperature and moisture conditions.  相似文献   

Czech traditional agroforestry: historic accounts and current status     

Jana Krčmářová  Leoš Jeleček 《Agroforestry Systems》2017,91(6):1087-1100

Agroforestry in the Czech Republic has vanished both from the landscape and public conscience. That raises questions about its history and fate; there are examples of this land use type from all neighbouring countries. The article looks at the record of such systems in a historical land tax survey, the Franciscan cadastre made in the Czech Republic in the mid nineteenth century. With this source, patterns of preindustrial-era subsistence systems were analysed in a considerable part of what is now the Czech Republic. Any correlation among occurrences of various land uses (including agroforestry cultures) and influences of chosen natural and cultural factors was statistically tested and further visualised by multivariate analysis. The main existing agroforestry types and their historical distribution were investigated. The results have shown that cropland with fruit trees, and meadows, and pastures with either fruit trees or wood use, were a common part of Czech countryside in the mid-nineteenth century. Some agroforestry plots were found in the 1689 total studied cadastral areas. The types of agroforestry and the overall subsistence patterns were attuned to elevation, soil fertility, population density, and the dominant language group of the inhabitants. Cropland and pastures with fruit trees were associated with more fertile inland lowlands with sound infrastructure and prevalently Czech inhabitants (so-called ‘old settlement’ areas), wood meadows and pastures with cadastral units located in border regions at higher elevations characterised by lower soil fertility, a greater ratio of coniferous forests and predominantly inhabited by Czech Germans. Traditional agroforestry, as is discussed, however, did not survive the industrialisation of agriculture.  相似文献   

Response of benthic fauna to experimental bottom fishing: A global meta‐analysis          下载免费PDF全文

Marija Sciberras  Jan Geert Hiddink  Simon Jennings  Claire L Szostek  Kathryn M Hughes  Brian Kneafsey  Leo J Clarke  Nick Ellis  Adriaan D Rijnsdorp  Robert A McConnaughey  Ray Hilborn  Jeremy S Collie  C. Roland Pitcher  Ricardo O Amoroso  Ana M Parma  Petri Suuronen  Michel J Kaiser 《Fish and Fisheries》2018,19(4):698-715

Bottom‐contact fishing gears are globally the most widespread anthropogenic sources of direct disturbance to the seabed and associated biota. Managing these fishing disturbances requires quantification of gear impacts on biota and the rate of recovery following disturbance. We undertook a systematic review and meta‐analysis of 122 experiments on the effects‐of‐bottom fishing to quantify the removal of benthos in the path of the fishing gear and to estimate rates of recovery following disturbance. A gear pass reduced benthic invertebrate abundance by 26% and species richness by 19%. The effect was strongly gear‐specific, with gears that penetrate deeper into the sediment having a significantly larger impact than those that penetrate less. Sediment composition (% mud and presence of biogenic habitat) and the history of fishing disturbance prior to an experimental fishing event were also important predictors of depletion, with communities in areas that were not previously fished, predominantly muddy or biogenic habitats being more strongly affected by fishing. Sessile and low mobility biota with longer life‐spans such as sponges, soft corals and bivalves took much longer to recover after fishing (>3 year) than mobile biota with shorter life‐spans such as polychaetes and malacostracans (<1 year). This meta‐analysis provides insights into the dynamics of recovery. Our estimates of depletion along with estimates of recovery rates and large‐scale, high‐resolution maps of fishing frequency and habitat will support more rigorous assessment of the environmental impacts of bottom‐contact gears, thus supporting better informed choices in trade‐offs between environmental impacts and fish production.  相似文献   

Biocontrol of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> wilt of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Capsicum annuum</Emphasis> by rhizospheric bacteria isolated from turmeric endowed with plant growth promotion and disease suppression potential     

Ajit Kumar Passari  P. C. Lalsiamthari  Zothanpuia  Vincent Vineeth Leo  Vineet Kumar Mishra  Mukesh Kumar Yadav  Vijai Kumar Gupta  Bhim Pratap Singh 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2018,150(4):831-846

In the present study, 129 rhizospheric bacteria isolated from Curcuma longa were screened for their antagonistic potential against six fungal phytopathogens. Among them, 32 isolates that showed significant antagonistic potential were screened for their in vitro plant growth promoting (PGP) traits. The identification of potential isolates was confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and results revealed Bacillus as the dominant genus followed by Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas and Achromobacter. Based on the antagonistic activity and PGP traits; two strains (BPSRB4 and BPSRB14), identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, were further tested for their in vivo PGP and disease suppression potential on Capsicum annuum seedlings under greenhouse conditions. The results demonstrated that BPSRB4 and BPSR14 strains suppress fungal pathogen infection and promote plant growth. Further, the BPSRB4 strain was positive for the production of the phytohormone indole acetic acid (IAA) detected by thin layer chromatography (TLC). In addition, nitrogen fixation and plant growth promotion activity were also confirmed by amplification and sequencing of nitrogen fixation gene (nifH) and ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase (acdS) gene from strains BPSRB4 and BPSRB14. The present study demonstrated that the B. amyloliquefaciens strains BPSRB4 and BPSR14 possess antagonistic activity and PGP potential which could be explored for the development of biofertilizers and biocontrol agents for the growth of chilli seedlings.  相似文献   

Abundance and distribution of the white shark in the Mediterranean Sea     

Stefano Moro  Giovanna Jona‐Lasinio  Barbara Block  Fiorenza Micheli  Giulio De Leo  Fabrizio Serena  Massimiliano Bottaro  Umberto Scacco  Francesco Ferretti 《Fish and Fisheries》2020,21(2):338-349

Conservation of apex predators is a key challenge both in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The white shark is a rare but persistent inhabitant of the Mediterranean Sea and it is currently assessed as “critically endangered” in the region. However, the population trends and dynamics of this species in the area are still unknown. Little is known about white shark distribution, habitat use and population abundance trends, aspects that are critical for conservation and management. In this study, we built the most comprehensive database of white shark occurrence records in the region. We collected 773 different records from different sources and used them to characterize the spatial and temporal patterns of abundance of Mediterranean white sharks between 1860 and 2016. We analysed these data by using generalized additive models and used spatially disaggregated information on human population abundance as a proxy of observation effort. Our results suggest a complex trajectory of population change characterized by a historical increase and a more recent reduction (61%, range 58%–72%) since the second half of the 20th century. In particular, analyses reveal a 52% (range 37%–88%) to 96% (range 92%–100%) overall decline in different Mediterranean sectors and a contraction in spatial distribution. Here, we provide the first reconstruction of abundance trends and offer new hypotheses regarding the drivers of change of white sharks in the Mediterranean. Our approach can be broadly applied to data‐poor contexts to reconstruct change and inform the conservation of endangered top predators in the Mediterranean Sea and other intensely used marine regions.  相似文献   

Preparation of nori Pyropia yezoensis enriched with free amino acids by aging the culture with nori koji     

Murayama  Fumiyasu  Kusaka  Koji  Uchida  Motoharu  Hideshima  Nobuo  Araki  Toshiyoshi  Touhata  Ken  Ishida  Noriko 《Fisheries Science》2020,86(3):531-542

Koji is commonly used in manufacturing Japanese fermented products and promotes enzymatic degradation. In recent years, a seaweed koji has been developed by culturing Aspergillus oryzae on nori Pyropia yezoensis. In the present study, we prepared nori koji by culturing A. oryzae on high- and low-quality noris and then mixing this preparation with additional dried nori. Suitable fermentation conditions for increasing the taste-active components of the nori mixed with nori koji were investigated. The mixture of nori and koji prepared from high-quality nori, with added water, cultured for 120 days at 10 °C, provided the greatest increase (7 times) in free amino acids. The changes in taste after culturing the nori and koji mixture were evaluated using a taste-sensing system. The sourness score of the nori and koji mixture increased significantly, but the scores for other attributes such as bitterness and umami richness did not increase after culture. The present study has demonstrated a clear increase in the free amino acid content of nori and a modification in the taste score by aging the culture with nori koji. These results will encourage the development of ‘aged seaweed,’ a novel value-added product with nutritional and taste elements modified using seaweed koji.

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Dry or wet? What is the best choice to determine gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indexes in females of Macrobrachium amazonicum?     

Lucas Rezende Penido Paschoal  Leo Jaime Filgueira de Oliveira  Guilherme Casemiro Andrioli  Fernando Jos Zara 《Aquaculture Research》2019,50(12):3589-3596

The gonadosomatic (GSI) and hepatosomatic (HSI) indexes are widely used for the evaluation of reproductive biology in crustaceans. However, the use of either wet or dry weight for estimating these indexes is not standardized in the literature. Here, we compare the GSI and HSI indexes based on wet and dry samples of females of Macrobrachium amazonicum from populations with different phenotypes (large and small‐size prawns) as a model. In our analysis, for GSI, the application of wet weight tended to overestimate the values recorded in the initial (I‐II) and intermediate (III) stages of ovarian development, and underestimate the results in the final (IV‐V) stages when compared to the use of dry weight. This could be attributed to the reduction in cytoplasmic organelles and water content of the cytosol due to the increase in yolk and lipids in the oocytes throughout ovarian development. For HSI, no significant differences were detected between wet and dry samples. However, the dry HSI computed at all stages of development was overestimated when compared to the use of wet samples, and only the hepatopancreas of females at the final stage (V) showed a significant decrease in water content. Thus, our results indicate that M. amazonicum females maintain constant hepatopancreatic reserves throughout ovarian development. In this way, the use of dry weight is more adequate to estimate GSI and HSI in this species.  相似文献   

Spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties in a forested hillslope     

Hendrayanto  Ken’ichirou Kosugi  Taro Uchida  Sakiko Matsuda  Takahisa Mizuyama 《Journal of Forest Research》1999,4(2):107-114

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A case of diabetes mellitus in Japanese Black cattle.     

T Hasegawa  K Uchida  J Yanase  K Kitazaki  Y Uchino  S Nakamura  H Sakimoto 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》1999,61(8):965-966

A 3 year-old female Japanese Black cattle was diagnosed as diabetes mellitus (DM). Hyperglycemia (295 mg/dl), increase of serum fructosamine (487 micromol/l), elevated glycosylated hemoglobin A1 (GHbA1; 10.9%), low concentration of serum insulin (< 1.0 microU/ ml), increased serum glucagon (399 pg/ml), and glucose intolerance (glucose disappearance rate; k=0.53) were noted. On the histopathologic findings in pancreas, insulitis with infiltration of mononuclear cells was found. This case suggests that serum fructosamine and GHbA1 are available parameters for understanding of pathophysiological conditions of bovine DM.  相似文献   

Multicystic renal dysplasia in a Japanese black bull.     

K Ushigaki  K Uchida  T Murakami  R Yamaguchi  S Tateyama 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》1999,61(7):839-842

Multicystic renal dysplasia was found in a 6-day-old Japanese black bull. Grossly, both kidneys were markedly small (2.0 x 3.5 cm) with numerous cysts ranging from 1 to 8 mm in diameter. Histopathologically, both kidneys consisted of many irregularly enlarged cysts, immature glomeruli, small ducts and anomalous stromal connective tissues containing focal persistent mesenchyme characterized by a proliferation of stellate cells with myxomatous area. These features are compatible with those of multicystic renal dysplasia in humans and other mammals.  相似文献