Comparison of individual and pooled sampling methods for detecting bacterial pathogens of fish.     

Sonia Mumford  Chris Patterson  Joy Evered  Ray Brunson  Jay Levine  Jim Winton 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2005,17(4):305-310

Examination of finfish populations for viral and bacterial pathogens is an important component of fish disease control programs worldwide. Two methods are commonly used for collecting tissue samples for bacteriological culture, the currently accepted standards for detection of bacterial fish pathogens. The method specified in the Office International des Epizooties Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals permits combining renal and splenic tissues from as many as 5 fish into pooled samples. The American Fisheries Society (AFS) Blue Book/US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Inspection Manual specifies the use of a bacteriological loop for collecting samples from the kidney of individual fish. An alternative would be to more fully utilize the pooled samples taken for virology. If implemented, this approach would provide substantial savings in labor and materials. To compare the relative performance of the AFS/USFWS method and this alternative approach, cultures of Yersinia ruckeri were used to establish low-level infections in groups of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that were sampled by both methods. Yersinia ruckeri was cultured from 22 of 37 groups by at least 1 method. The loop method yielded 18 positive groups, with 1 group positive in the loop samples but negative in the pooled samples. The pooled samples produced 21 positive groups, with 4 groups positive in the pooled samples but negative in the loop samples. There was statistically significant agreement (Spearman coefficient 0.80, P < 0.001) in the relative ability of the 2 sampling methods to permit detection of low-level bacterial infections of rainbow trout.  相似文献   

Assistive devices, orthotics, and prosthetics.     

Caroline Adamson  Martin Kaufmann  David Levine  Darryl L Millis  Denis J Marcellin-Little 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2005,35(6):1441-51, ix

Deciding on which supportive device, orthotic, or prosthetic is best suited for a given patient is a complex process involving many different factors. The ability to manage biomechanical abnormalities successfully may be enhanced by an understanding of the properties of the various materials that comprise these devices, their effect on functional performance, and other associated patient factors. Veterinary health care providers are faced with the challenge of effectively addressing the physiologic and fiscal needs of the patient in a rapidly changing patient care environment.  相似文献   

Comparison of Five Radioimmunoassay Systems for PAG Measurement: Ability to Detect Early Pregnancy in Cows   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A Ayad  NM Sousa  J Sulon  M Iguer-Ouada  JF Beckers 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2007,42(4):433-440

This study was conducted to describe the minimum detection limit, reproducibility, accuracy, specificity and parallelism of different pregnancy-associated glycoprotein radioimmunoassay (PAG-RIA) systems: RIA-497, RIA-706, RIA-780, RIA-809 and RIA-Pool. Their ability to distinguish between non-pregnant and pregnant females at day 30 after artificial insemination (AI) was investigated. The antisera were raised in rabbits against different PAG preparations. All RIA systems proved to be sensitive, repeatable and accurate for measuring PAG concentrations. The dilutions of plasma samples taken at an early stage of pregnancy were found to be parallel to the standard curves. No cross-reaction was observed with different carbohydrates, either with Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) or human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG). The concentrations of PAG in pregnant females at day 30 after AI were shown to be higher with the use of antisera R#706, R#780, R#809 and Pool when compared with antiserum R#497. All the RIA systems gave 100% sensitivity and negative predictive values. On the other hand, the use of antisera R#780 and R#809 resulted in lower specificity and positive predictive values. The present study clearly shows that the ability of PAG-RIA systems to diagnose pregnancy specifically at day 30 after AI can be improved by using a combination of antisera raised against different forms of PAG.  相似文献   

Effects of etorphine and succinyldicholine oil blood composition in elephant and buffalo     

J. Hattingh  P.G. Wright  V. de Vos  Leonora Levine  Maria Garihao  I.S. McNaim 《African Zoology》2013,48(4):286-290

Blood composition was investigated in anaesthetized elephant and Buffalo and in elephant immobilized by succinyldicholine. Results obtained indicate that data from undisturbed animals shot in the brain closely approximate the situation in anaesthetized animals, except for blood-gas composition. Cortisol concentrations increase after anaesthetization and then decrease again, suggesting that the procedures involved are experienced to some extent as physiological stress. In the case of animals paralysed by succinyldicholine, Cortisol and blood-gets results suggest that when this substance is used in culling procedures, elephant should be killed by a shot into the brain within 16 min after darting.  相似文献   

Rapid infusion of a phospholipid emulsion attenuates the effects of endotoxaemia in horses     

Moore JN  Norton N  Barton MH  Hurley DJ  Reber AJ  Donovan DC  Vandenplas ML  Parker TS  Levine DM 《Equine veterinary journal》2007,39(3):243-248

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Endotoxaemia currently is associated with a poor prognosis in horses. The results of recent trials in other species indicate that phospholipid emulsions reduce the deleterious effects of endotoxin (LPS). However, in a previous study in horses, a 2 h infusion of emulsion caused an unacceptable degree of haemolysis. HYPOTHESIS: Rapid administration of a lower total dose of emulsion would reduce the effects of LPS and induce less haemolysis; the emulsion would reduce inflammatory effects of LPS in vitro. METHODS: Twelve healthy horses received an i.v. infusion either of saline or a phospholipid emulsion (100 mg/kg), followed immediately by E. coli 055:B5 LPS (30 ng/kg). Clinical parameters, haematological profiles, serum tumour necrosis factor (TNF) activity, serum lipid profiles, urine analyses and severity of haemolysis were monitored before and at selected times after LPS. Monocytes were also incubated in vitro with LPS in the presence or absence of emulsion, after which TNF and tissue factor activities were determined. RESULTS: Clinical signs of endotoxaemia were reduced in horses receiving the emulsion, including clinical score, heart rate, rectal temperature, serum TNF activity, and the characteristic leucopenic response to LPS, when compared to horses not receiving the emulsion. Three horses receiving the emulsion had none, 2 had mild and one had moderate haemolysis. There were no differences in urinalysis results and creatinine concentrations, either within the groups over time or between the groups. Serum concentrations of phosphatidylcholine, bile acids and triglycerides peaked immediately after the infusion; there were no significant changes in concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids or cholesterol. Incubation of equine monocytes with emulsion prevented LPS-induced TNF and tissue factor activities. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid administration of emulsion significantly reduced inflammatory effects of LPS in vivo and caused a clinically insignificant degree of haemolysis. The results of the in vitro studies indicate that emulsion prevents not only LPS-induced synthesis of cytokines, but also expression of membrane-associated mediators (i.e. tissue factor). POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Rapid i.v. administration of emulsions containing phospholipids that bind endotoxin may provide a clinically useful method of treating endotoxaemia in horses.  相似文献   

Clinical use of the locking compression plate (LCP) in horses: a retrospective study of 31 cases (2004-2006)     

Levine DG  Richardson DW 《Equine veterinary journal》2007,39(5):401-406

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Long-term outcome and effect of diagnostic analgesia in horses undergoing interspinous ligament desmotomy for overriding dorsal spinous processes     

Kara A. Brown VMD  Elizabeth J. Davidson DVM  DACVS  DACVSMR  Kyla Ortved DVM  PhD  DACVS  DACVSMR  Michael W. Ross DVM  DACVS  Darko Stefanovski MS  PhD  Kathryn B. Wulster VMD  DACVR  David G. Levine DVM  DACVS  DACVSMR 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2020,49(3):590-599

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Intratesticular mepivacaine versus lidocaine in anaesthetised horses undergoing Henderson castration     

Alycia Crandall  Klaus Hopster  Annie Grove  David Levine 《Equine veterinary journal》2020,52(6):805-810

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Atomic hydrogen on Mars: measurements at solar minimum     

Levine JS  McDougal DS  Anderson DE  Barker ES 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1978,200(4345):1048-1051

The Copernicus Orbiting Astronomical Observatory was used to obtain measurements of Mars Lyman-alpha (1215.671-angstrom) emission at the solar minimum, which has resulted in the first information on atomic hydrogen concentrations in the upper atmosphere of Mars at the solar minimum. The Copernicus measurements, coupled with the Viking in situ measurements of the temperature (170 degrees +/- 30 degrees K) of the upper atmosphere of Mars, indicate that the atomic hydrogen number density at the exobase of Mars (250 kilometers) is about 60 times greater than that deduced from Mariner 6 and 7 Lyman-alpha measurements obtained during a period of high solar activity. The Copernicus results are consistent with Hunten's hypothesis of the diffusion-limited escape of atomic hydrogen from Mars.  相似文献   

A comparison of soil moisture sensors for space flight applications     

Norikane JH  Prenger JJ  Rouzan-Wheeldon DT  Levine HG 《Applied engineering in agriculture》2005,21(2):211-216

Plants will be an important part of future long-term space missions. Automated plant growth systems require accurate and reliable methods of monitoring soil moisture levels. There are a number of different methods to accomplish this task. This study evaluated sensors using the capacitance method (ECH2O), the heat-pulse method (TMAS), and tensiometers, compared to soil water loss measured gravimetrically in a side-by-side test. The experiment monitored evaporative losses from substrate compartments filled with 1- to 2-mm baked calcinated clay media. The ECH2O data correlated well with the gravimetric measurements, but over a limited range of soil moisture. The averaged TMAS sensor data overstated soil moisture content levels. The tensiometer data appeared to track evaporative losses in the 0.5- to 2.5-kPa range of matric potential that corresponds to the water content needed to grow plants. This small range is characteristic of large particle media, and thus high-resolution tensiometers are required to distinguish changing moisture contents in this range.  相似文献