Comparison of tiletamine-zolazepam-ketamine and tiletamine-zolazepam-ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia in sheep     

HC LIN  SS WALLACE  JW TYLER†  RL ROBBINS  JC THURMON‡  DF WOLFE 《Australian veterinary journal》1994,71(8):239-242

Summary The anaesthetic effects of intravenous tiletamine-zolazepam 6.6 mg/kg-ketamine 6.6 mg/kg (TK) and tiletamine-zolazepam 6.6 mg/kg-ketamine 6.6 mg/kg-xylazine 0.11 mg/kg (TKX) were evaluated in six wethers. Heart rate, respiration rate, arterial blood pressure, and the electrocardiogram were monitored during anaesthesia. Analgesia was tested by electrical stimulation in the left flank. Atropine (0.03 mg/kg) was given intramuscularly before induction, but after recording of baseline heart rate and respiratory rate. The duration of analgesia was 28.7 ± 6.9 min with TK and 82.8 ± 26.6 min with TKX. Heart rate increased significantly within 5 min after TK or TKX administration. Respiratory rate remained unchanged after TK administration, but increased significantly from 5 to 45 min after TKX administration. Arterial blood pressure decreased significantly at 15 min with TK and 30 min with TKX. Sheep remained recumbent for 201 min with TK and 166 min with TKX. All recovered uneventfully. We conclude that either TK or TKX may be used for anaesthetising sheep.  相似文献   

Fluoride toxicosis in wild ungulates   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J L Shupe  A E Olson  H B Peterson  J B Low 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1984,185(11):1295-1300

To compare the occurrence of chronic fluoride toxicosis in wild and domestic animals in selected areas of Utah, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, deer, elk, and bison bones and teeth were collected for evaluation. Vegetation and drinking water samples also were collected, so that potential sources of fluoride could be evaluated. Deer, elk, and bison were found to be susceptible to the adverse effects of ingestion of excessive amounts of fluoride. Teeth and bones were primarily affected with characteristic lesions. Pathognomonic soft tissue changes were not observed. The animals had been exposed to a variety of sources of excessive fluoride, including water high in fluoride, forages contaminated by industrial effluents that were high in fluoride, vegetation contaminated with high fluoride-content soil by rain splash or wind, or a combination of these sources. Waters high in fluoride, especially from geothermal springs and wells, often contained appreciable amounts of various soluble salts. Evidence accumulated from specimens collected throughout the aforementioned states indicated that there are areas where chronic fluoride toxicosis is a problem for wildlife. These areas were where natural sources of fluorine (especially geothermal waters) provided amounts for ingestion that exceed species tolerance limits or were near certain industrial operations.  相似文献   

Measurement of transit time of digesta through sections of gastrointestinal tract of pigs fed with diets containing various sources of dietary fibre (non-starch polysaccharides)     

E A Latymer  A G Low  K Fadden  I E Sambrook  S C Woodley  H D Keal 《Archives of Animal Nutrition》1990,40(8):667-680

The effects of various sources of dietary fibre (defined as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP] on the transit time (TT) of digesta through sections of digestive tract were measured in pigs of 30-85 kg. The pigs were fitted with simple cannulas in the terminal ileum, caecum and mid-colon. Diets in experiments 1-3 were based on barley, wheat, soya bean meal and fish meal with NSP added in the form of wood cellulose (experiment 1), guar gum (experiment 2), wheat bran, pectin (experiment 3). Lactulose was also included in experiment 3 because of its NSP-like effects. Diets in experiments 4 and 5 were based on starch and casein and contained Phaseoluos vulgaris or Pisum sativum (experiment 4) and sugar beet pulp or wheat bran (experiment 5). Transit time (TT) was measured using 103Ruthenium phenanthroline to label solids and 51Chromium complexed to EDTA for liquids. Samples were taken every 3 h after marker administration for 51 h from all cannulas and the faecal output was collected every 3 h. The values obtained were very variable. The range of TT (h) defined as first arrival of markers and peak marker level was 3-12.2 and 3-12.2 to the ileum, 3-22.3 and 4.5-22.3 to the caecum, 4.5-50.3 and 16.5-48.8 to the colon and 24- less than 51 and 30- less than 51 to the rectum respectively.  相似文献   

Does consuming breakfast influence activity levels? An experiment into the effect of breakfast consumption on eating habits and energy expenditure     

Halsey LG  Huber JW  Low T  Ibeawuchi C  Woodruff P  Reeves S 《Public health nutrition》2012,15(2):238-245

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The Flood Hazard in Peninsular Malaysia: Government Policies and Action     

C. H. Leigh  K. S. Low 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》1978,19(1):47-64

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NGO capacity building and sustainability in the Pacific     

Will Low  Eileen Davenport 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》2002,43(3):367-379

Abstract: As the work of NGOs broadens and becomes more complex, concerns about their capacity and sustainability will loom much larger and have more signi?cant implications for development processes. The main issue addressed in this paper is how NGOs and donors variously view the relationship between capacity building and ?nancial and organisational sustainability. To this end we ?rstly explore varying de?nitions of capacity building, highlighting distinctly Paci?c perspectives of the concept and subsequently look at emerging practices used by Paci?c NGOs to create sustainable organisations. The role of donor organisations in Paci?c NGO capacity building is critiqued. We conclude that despite considerable rhetoric about the need for donors to adopt more co‐ordinated approaches to capacity building, there is limited evidence to suggest that donors are prepared to act together to set up, for example, joint capacity building funds. Donors must accept that the long‐term processes of development and the roles played by Non‐Governmental and Community Based Organisations require a rethinking of the standard funding cycle and the focus on ‘exit strategies’.  相似文献   

Analysis of food oligosaccharides using MALDI-MS: quantification of fructooligosaccharides   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Wang J  Sporns P  Low NH 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1999,47(4):1549-1557

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is a powerful new technique that will have a great impact on food analysis. This study demonstrates the applicability of MALDI-MS performed directly on an aqueous food extract for qualitative and quantitative analysis of food oligosaccharides. 2', 4',6'-Trihydroxyacetophenone was found to be the best matrix for analysis of oligosaccharides in the foods examined. The relationship between laser strength, resolution, and the response factors of individual oligosaccharides using MALDI-MS was investigated. A MALDI-MS method for quantitative analysis of fructooligosaccharides with standard addition of a pure fructooligosaccharide was developed. High performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection was compared to MALDI-MS for the analysis of fructooligosaccharides. The fructooligosaccharide analyses were performed on red onions, shallots, and elephant garlic.  相似文献   

Detection of orange juice adulteration with beet medium invert sugar using anion-exchange liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

K W Swallow  N H Low  D R Petrus 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1991,74(2):341-345

Carbohydrate analysis of 5 beet medium invert sugar (BMIS) samples and 10 pure orange juices was carried out using anion-exchange chromatography with a pulsed amperometric detector. This analysis revealed the presence of several oligosaccharides in BMIS that were in either low concentration or nonexistent in the orange juice samples. These oligosaccharides may be naturally present in sugar beets or synthesized during the acid and/or enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis of sucrose during the production of BMIS. BMIS was intentionally added to pure orange juice at levels of 5, 10, 15, and 20%. Subsequent liquid chromatographic (LC) analysis of these intentionally adulterated samples revealed that detection of 5% BMIS in orange juice was possible.  相似文献   

Nutritional factors associated with vaginal prolapse in ewes     

B D Hosie  J C Low  H K Bradley  J Robb 《The Veterinary record》1991,128(9):204-208

Serum calcium, magnesium and phosphate values of ewes recently affected by vaginal prolapse were compared with unaffected ewes in four flocks. Subclinical hypocalcaemia was demonstrated in some affected and unaffected ewes in three flocks. Magnesium and phosphate values were normal. In two flocks the body condition of ewes recently affected by vaginal prolapse was variable and reflected the variation in condition found in the flock. In a third flock affected ewes had significantly lower body condition scores than unaffected ewes (P less than 0.001). Analysis of the fourth flock was not possible. Oestrogenic mycotoxins were not detected in any of the feed samples taken from these flocks. The following year the management, nutrition and energy, and the protein and calcium status of ewes in 12 flocks of greyface/mule ewes with a history of a regular high (greater than 3 per cent) or low (less than 1 per cent) prevalence of vaginal prolapse were compared. A high prevalence was not associated with any particular feedstuff. A high or intermediate (1 to 3 per cent) prevalence of vaginal prolapse was found in three of the four flocks managed as a single group and these three flocks were fed on an unrestricted basis. Body condition scoring and beta-hydroxybutyrate estimation confirmed that ewes in these flocks were overfed. The prevalence of vaginal prolapse in the flocks was not related to the serum albumin, calcium or urea of the ewes. Therefore subclinical hypocalcaemia was probably a consequence of vaginal prolapse rather than a cause.  相似文献   

Clinical and serum antibody responses to lambs to infection by Listeria monocytogenes.   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

J C Low  W Donachie 《Research in veterinary science》1991,51(2):185-192

Oral dosing of lambs with 1 x 10(10) colony forming units of Listeria monocytogenes daily for three days produced no clinical signs but protected the animals against bacteraemia following subsequent homologous subcutaneous challenge. Following the subcutaneous injections, comparison with controls revealed significantly lower rectal temperatures and a significant difference in positive blood cultures. In both groups signs of systemic illness were unremarkable. However, two and 10 days after the subcutaneous challenges neurological signs developed in two lambs. L monocytogenes was isolated from the brain of one lamb and histopathological lesions of listeric encephalomyelitis were demonstrated in both. After oral infection antibodies to L monocytogenes whole cell antigen were detectable in serum agglutination tests and by ELISA. Serological responses to flagellin were examined by ELISA and to listeriolysin O by immunoblotting. The responses of the animals to flagellin were weak and inconsistent, but antibodies to listeriolysin O were detectable after both oral and subcutaneous challenge. The subclass of antibody involved in this response was shown to be predominantly IgG1.  相似文献