Transcuneal ultrasonographic findings in the podotrochlear apparatus: Comparison with postmortem in 14 equine digits     

Valeria Busoni DVM  DipECVDI  Benoit Lahaye DVM  Jean-Marie Denoix DVM  PhD 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2006,26(3):113-119

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Understanding reactivity at very low temperatures: the reactions of oxygen atoms with alkenes     

Sabbah H  Biennier L  Sims IR  Georgievskii Y  Klippenstein SJ  Smith IW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5834):102-105

A remarkable number of reactions between neutral free radicals and neutral molecules have been shown to remain rapid down to temperatures as low as 20 kelvin. The rate coefficients generally increase as the temperature is lowered. We examined the reasons for this temperature dependence through a combined experimental and theoretical study of the reactions of O(3P) atoms with a range of alkenes. The factors that control the rate coefficients were shown to be rather subtle, but excellent agreement was obtained between the experimental results and microcanonical transition state theory calculations based on ab initio representations of the potential energy surfaces describing the interaction between the reactants.  相似文献   

Late Mousterian persistence near the Arctic Circle     

Slimak L  Svendsen JI  Mangerud J  Plisson H  Heggen HP  Brugère A  Pavlov PY 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6031):841-845

Palaeolithic sites in Russian high latitudes have been considered as Upper Palaeolithic and thus representing an Arctic expansion of modern humans. Here we show that at Byzovaya, in the western foothills of the Polar Urals, the technological structure of the lithic assemblage makes it directly comparable with Mousterian Middle Palaeolithic industries that so far have been exclusively attributed to the Neandertal populations in Europe. Radiocarbon and optical-stimulated luminescence dates on bones and sand grains indicate that the site was occupied during a short period around 28,500 carbon-14 years before the present (about 31,000 to 34,000 calendar years ago), at the time when only Upper Palaeolithic cultures occupied lower latitudes of Eurasia. Byzovaya may thus represent a late northern refuge for Neandertals, about 1000 km north of earlier known Mousterian sites.  相似文献   

Quality evaluation of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) by near-infrared spectroscopy     

Roggo Y  Duponchel L  Huvenne JP 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(5):1055-1061

The legal method (polarimetric measurement) for the determination of sucrose content and the wet chemical analysis for the quality control of sugar beet uses lead acetate. Because heavy metals are pollutants, the law could forbid their use in the future. Therefore, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was evaluated as a procedure to replace these methods. However, there are alternatives to lead clarification, such as the use of aluminum salts, which have been applied at many sugar companies. The real advantage of NIRS is in speed and ease of analysis. The aim of this study was to determine simultaneously the concentration of several components which define the industrial quality of beets. The first objective was the determination of sucrose content, which determines the sugar beet price. The standard error of prediction (SEP) was low: 0.11 g of sucrose/100 g of fresh beet. NIRS was also able to determine other beet quality parameters: brix, marc, glucose, nitrogen, sodium, potassium, sugar in molasses (i.e. sucrose in molasses), and juice purity. The results concerning brix, marc, sugar in molasses, and juice purity were satisfactory. NIRS accuracy was lower for the other parameters. Nevertheless, RPD (ratio standard deviation of concentration/SEP) and RER (ratio concentration range/SEP ratio) show that NIRS might be used for the sample screening on nitrogen, potassium, sodium, and glucose content.  相似文献   

An investigation of the bacterial contamination of small animal breathing systems during routine use     

Pelligand L  Hammond R  Rycroft A 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2007,34(3):190-199

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the need for sterilization of anaesthetic breathing systems to prevent cross-infection between animals due to the re-use of anaesthetic circuit tubing. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective microbiological study. METHODS: Bacteriology samples were taken from 37 sterile breathing systems, each used for 1 day, at two sampling sites (one proximal and one distal to the animal). The number of patient connections, cumulative anaesthesia time, culture results, number of colony-forming units and the number of different species were recorded. Secondly, four sterile breathing systems were used for 2 months under routine conditions and sampled every 2 weeks and the same parameters recorded. Finally, the inner surfaces of four sterile breathing systems were inoculated with a known load of canine oropharyngeal bacteria. Bacteriology samples were taken at 1 minute, 1 hour and 1 day post-deposition. The number of colonies identified was compared with the initial load. RESULTS: Only a very small number of micro-organisms were isolated and these were generally organisms of low pathogenic potential. The proximal site was found to be significantly more colonized than the distal site (p < 0.001). Neither longer daily connection time (p = 0.54), nor a higher number of connections (p = 0.81) increased the incidence of proximal site colonization. Over the 2-month study period, the bacterial population did not increase. There was no correlation between cultures isolated from successive samples taken from the same tubing. There was rapid loss of viability of the micro-organisms deliberately inoculated onto the tubing surface: the number of colonies isolated from the breathing system after 1 minute was significantly lower than in the inoculum (p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Sterile anaesthesia breathing systems were colonized by environmental micro-organisms of low pathogenicity. Although long-term survival of recognized pathogens in a dry environment is still possible, the use of a bacterial filter or a sterilized breathing system for routine veterinary anaesthesia cannot be supported by current evidence.  相似文献   

Cardiopulmonary effects of administration of a combination solution of xylazine, guaifenesin, and ketamine or inhaled isoflurane in mechanically ventilated calves     

Kerr CL  Windeyer C  Bouré LP  Mirakhur KK  McDonell W 《American journal of veterinary research》2007,68(12):1287-1293

OBJECTIVE: To compare the cardiopulmonary effects of administration of a solution of xylazine, guaifenesin, and ketamine (XGK) or inhaled isoflurane in mechanically ventilated calves undergoing surgery. ANIMALS: 13 male calves 2 to 26 days of age. Procedures-In calves in the XGK group, anesthesia was induced (0.5 mL/kg) and maintained (2.5 mL/kg/h) with a combination solution of xylazine (0.1 mg/mL), guaifenesin (50 mg/mL), and ketamine (1.0 mg/mL). For calves in the isoflurane group, anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. The rates of XGK infusion and isoflurane administration were adjusted to achieve suitable anesthetic depth. All calves received 100% oxygen and were mechanically ventilated to maintain end-tidal carbon dioxide concentrations from 35 to 40 mm Hg and underwent laparoscopic bladder surgery through an abdominal approach. Cardiopulmonary variables were measured before induction and at intervals up to 90 minutes after anesthetic induction. RESULTS: The quality of induction was excellent in all calves. The XGK requirements were 0.57 +/- 0.18 mL/kg and 2.70 +/- 0.40 mL/kg/h to induce and maintain anesthesia, respectively. Heart rate was significantly lower than baseline throughout the anesthetic period in the XGK group. Systolic arterial blood pressure was significantly higher in the XGK group, compared with the isoflurane group, from 5 to 90 minutes. Cardiac index was lower than baseline in both groups. Differences between groups in cardiac index and arterial blood gas values were not significant. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of XGK resulted in excellent anesthetic induction and maintenance with cardiopulmonary alterations similar to those associated with isoflurane in mechanically ventilated calves.  相似文献   

Formation of carbon particles from a gas phase: Nucleation phenomenon     

J. Lahaye  G. Prado 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1974,3(4):473-481

Highly divided C can be formed by heat treatment of hydrocarbons in absence of O (thermal decomposition) or in its presence (flames). This variety of C, named soot or carbon black, has a considerable polluting effect. Moreover, considering the increasing cost of energy sources, energy loss under the form of unburnt species has to be reduced. To decrease or to suppress soot formation, it is often necessary to know the mechanism of formation and, in particular, the phenomena involved in the nucleation step. The mechanism of soot formation in flames is basically identical in premixed flames and in diffusion flames. However, as the different chemical stages are well separated, from a spatial point of view, in premixed flames, most investigations deal with this type of flame. In the oxidation zone of the flame (blue zone), a part of the hydrocarbon is burnt out while another part undergoes complex reactions leading to polyacetylenes and later to polycyclic hydrocarbons with lateral chains. In the same region, ions are formed by chemiionization. In the zone of formation of C particles (yellow zone), polycyclic hydrocarbons are dehydrogenated and give polyaromatic hydrocarbons; their partial pressure increases until they reach a supersaturation high enough to induce nucleation of liquid microdroplets. The microdroplets are formed by homogeneous nucleation as well, probably, as the nucleation on the positive ions formed in the oxidation zone of the flame; they are converted by growth, association and chemical transformation into solid soot particles. In thermal systems, the mechanisms involved are identical except that nucleation on ions may be disregarded. In both systems, nucleation of microdroplets is a fast and discontinuous phenomenon. Such an understanding in C particle formation might be efficiently used to reduce noticeably atmospheric pollution and energy loss by soot formation.  相似文献   

Comparative Biomechanical Evaluation of a Pin‐Sleeve Transfixation System in Cadaveric Calf Metacarpal Bones     

Stefano Brianza DVM  PhD  Eng.  Susan Vogel DVM  Stephan Rothstock Eng.  Martin Thalhauser DVM  Andrè Desrochers DVM  Diplomate ACVS  Ludovic Boure DVM  MSc  DES  Diplomate ACVS & ECVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2013,42(1):67-74

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Expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in canine atopic dermatitis     

Jolanta Klukowska‐Rötzler  Ludovic Chervet  Eliane J. Müller  Petra Roosje  Eliane Marti  Jozef Janda 《Veterinary dermatology》2013,24(1):54-e14

Background – In humans, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) plays a central role in the development of allergic inflammation, such as atopic dermatitis (AD), but it is unknown whether it is involved in the pathogenesis of canine AD (CAD). Hypothesis/Objectives – Our aim was to characterize canine TSLP and to assess its expression in CAD. Methods – Canine TSLP was identified based on sequence homology with human TSLP and the complementary DNA (cDNA) cloned by RT‐PCR. Real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR was established to assess the expression of canine TSLP in cultured canine keratinocytes and in skin biopsy specimens from lesional and nonlesional skin of 12 dogs with CAD and eight healthy control dogs. Results – Partial canine TSLP cDNA was cloned and characterized. It contained four exons that shared 70 and 73% nucleotide identity with human and equine TSLP, respectively, encoding the signal peptide and full‐length secreted protein. We found significantly increased TSLP expression in lesional and nonlesional skin of dogs with CAD compared with healthy control dogs (P < 0.05), whereas no difference was measured between lesional and nonlesional samples. In cultured primary canine keratinocytes, we found increased TSLP expression after stimulation with house dust mite allergen extract or Toll‐like receptor ligands lipopolysaccharide and poly I:C. Conclusions and clinical importance – Increased TSLP expression in the skin of dogs with CAD supports an involvement of TSLP in the pathogenesis of CAD similar to that in humans. Further studies should elucidate the function and therapeutic potential of TSLP in CAD.  相似文献   

Development and initial validation of a sensory threshold examination protocol (STEP) for phenotyping canine pain syndromes     

Sandra Sanchis-Mora  Yu-Mei Chang  Siobhan Abeyesinghe  Amy Fisher  Holger A. Volk  Ludovic Pelligand 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):600-614

Objective

To study the feasibility and test–retest repeatability of a sensory threshold examination protocol (STEP) and report the quantitative sensory threshold distributions in healthy dogs.

Study design

Prospective, observational, cohort study.

Animals

Twenty-five healthy client-owned dogs.

Methods

Tactile sensitivity test (TST) (von Frey filaments), mechanical thresholds (MT with 2, 4 and 8 mm probes), heat thresholds (HT) and responsiveness to cold stimulus (CT at 0 °C) were quantitatively assessed for five body areas (BAs; tibias, humeri, neck, thoracolumbar region and abdomen) in a randomized order on three different occasions. Linear mixed model and generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate the effects of body weight category, age, sex, BA, occasion, feasibility score and investigator experience. Test–retest repeatability was evaluated with the intra-class correlation coefficient.

Results

The STEP lasted 90 minutes without side effects. The BA affected most tests (p ≤ 0.001). Higher thresholds and longer cold latencies were scored in the neck (p ≤ 0.024) compared to other BAs. Weight category affected all thresholds (p ≤ 0.037). Small dogs had lower MT (～1.4 N mean difference) and HT (1.1 °C mean difference) than other dogs (p ≤ 0.029). Young dogs had higher HT than adults (2.2 °C mean difference) (p = 0.035). Gender also affected TST, MT and HT (p < 0.05) (females versus males: TST odds ratio = 0.5, MT = 1.3 N mean difference, HT = 2.2 °C mean difference). Repeatability was substantial to moderate for all tests, but poor for TST. There was no difference in thresholds between occasions, except for CT. Test–retest repeatability was slightly better with the 2 mm MT probe compared to other diameters and improved with operator experience.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

The STEP was feasible, was well tolerated and showed substantial test–retest repeatability in healthy dogs. Further validation is needed in dogs suffering pain.  相似文献