The impact of restrictions on neonicotinoid and fipronil insecticides on pest management in maize,oilseed rape and sunflower in eight European Union regions          下载免费PDF全文

Jonas Kathage  Pedro Castañera  José Luis Alonso‐Prados  Manuel Gómez‐Barbero  Emilio Rodríguez‐Cerezo 《Pest management science》2018,74(1):88-99

BACKGROUND

In 2013, the European Commission restricted the use of three neonicotinoids (clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) and the pyrazole fipronil, which are widely used to control early‐season pests. Here, we used original farm survey data to examine the impact of the restrictions on pest management practices in eight regional case studies including maize, oilseed rape and sunflower in seven European Union (EU) countries.

RESULTS

In four case studies, farmers switched to using untreated seeds as no alternative seed treatments were available. In three case studies, farmers switched to using unrestricted neonicotinoid‐ or pyrethroid‐treated seeds. In five case studies, farmers increased the use of soil or foliar treatments, with pyrethroids as the principal insecticide class. Other changes in pest management practices ranged from increased sowing density to more frequent scouting for pests. Many farmers perceived that the time, cost and amount of insecticides required to protect crops increased, along with pest pressure. Alternative seed treatments were mostly perceived as being less effective than the restricted seed treatments.

CONCLUSION

Farmers generally relied on alternative seed treatments or more soil/foliar treatments in the first growing season after the restrictions took effect. Further study is required to assess the effectiveness and sustainability of these alternatives compared with the restricted insecticides. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

A new fossil silverfish (Zygentoma: Insecta) in Mesozoic Burmese amber     

Luis F. Mendes  George O. Poinar Jr.   《European Journal of Soil Biology》2008,44(5-6):491

Two fossil silverfish preserved in Burmese amber (dated from the Cretaceous: Upper Albian, 100–110 MY) are described in the new genus and species Burmalepisma cretacicum (Lepismatidae: Lepismatinae). The fossil species is characterized mainly by its chaetotaxy.  相似文献   

Supercritical carbon dioxide fractionation of nonesterified alkoxyglycerols obtained from shark liver oil   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Vázquez L  Fornari T  Señoráns FJ  Reglero G  Torres CF 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(3):1078-1083

Ethanolysis of shark liver oil was carried out to generate a product enriched in nonesterified alkoxyglycerols and fatty acid ethyl esters. For the present study, the original oil contained very low amounts of squalene, and thus, unsaponifiable matter was mainly constituted by nonesterified alkoxyglycerols (NEAKG). A small percentage of monoesterified alkoxyglycerols (MEAKG) was also detected. Supercritical fluid extraction was employed to fractionate the mixture, achieving a complete elimination of esters and concentrating the alkoxyglycerol compounds in the raffinate product. Extractions were carried out in a countercurrent packed column, using extraction pressures in the range of 140-180 bar, temperatures from 45 to 65 degrees C, and a solvent-to-feed ratio of 15. NEAKG + MEAKG purity obtained in the raffinate at the best extraction conditions was around 78% w/w, and satisfactory yield (>60%) was also achieved. Therefore, the raffinate product can be re-esterified to design highly valuable ether lipid compounds.  相似文献   

Heavy metals in European soils: A geostatistical analysis of the FOREGS Geochemical database   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Luis Rodríguez Lado  Tomislav Hengl 《Geoderma》2008,148(2):189-199

This paper presents the results of modeling the distribution of eight critical heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, lead and zinc) in topsoils using 1588 georeferenced samples from the Forum of European Geological Surveys Geochemical database (26 European countries). The concentrations were mapped using regression-kriging (RK) and accuracy of predictions evaluated using the leave-one-out cross validation method. A large number of auxiliary raster maps (topographic indexes, land cover, geology, vegetation indexes, night lights images and earth quake magnitudes) were used to improve the predictions. These were first converted to 36 principal components and then used to explain spatial distribution of heavy metals. The study revealed that this database is suitable for geostatistical analyses: the predictors explained from 21% (Cr) to 35% (Pb) of variability; the residuals showed spatial autocorrelation. The Principal Component Analysis of the mapped heavy metals revealed that the administrative units (NUTS level3) with highest overall concentrations are: (1) Liege (Arrondissement) (BE), Attiki (GR), Darlington (UK), Coventry (UK), Sunderland (UK), Kozani (GR), Grevena (GR), Hartlepool & Stockton (UK), Huy (BE), Aachen (DE) (As, Cd, Hg and Pb) and (2) central Greece and Liguria region in Italy (Cr, Cu and Ni). The evaluation of the mapping accuracy showed that the RK models for As, Ni and Pb can be considered satisfactory (prediction accuracy 45-52% of total variance), marginally satisfactory for Cr, Cu, Hg and Zn (36-41%), while the model for Cd is unsatisfactorily accurate (30%). The critical elements limiting the mapping accuracy are: (a) the problem of sporadic high values (hot-spots); and (b) relatively coarse resolution of the input maps. Automation of the geostatistical mapping and use of auxiliary spatial layers opens a possibility to develop mapping systems that can automatically update outputs by including new field observations and higher quality auxiliary maps. This approach also demonstrates the benefits of organizing standardized joint European monitoring projects, in comparison to the merging of several national monitoring projects.  相似文献   

New lipophilic tyrosyl esters. Comparative antioxidant evaluation with hydroxytyrosyl esters     

Mateos R  Trujillo M  Pereira-Caro G  Madrona A  Cert A  Espartero JL 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(22):10960-10966

New lipophilic esters of tyrosol, a naturally occurring phenol with interesting biological properties, have been synthesized in good yields by a chemoselective procedure, using lipase from Candida antarctica or p-toluenesulfonic acid as catalysts. Their antioxidant activities have been evaluated by the Rancimat test in lipophilic food matrices, as well as by FRAP and ABTS assays in methanolic solutions, and compared with those of previously synthesized hydroxytyrosyl esters. Free tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, butylhydroxytoluene, and alpha-tocopherol were used as standards. All methods used for the antioxidant activity evaluation emphasized the high influence of the ortho-diphenolic structure on the antioxidant capacity, tyrosol and its derivatives being less active than hydroxytyrosol and its analogues and even less than BHT and alpha-tocopherol. In addition, the Rancimat test revealed a lower activity for ester derivatives than for their respective reference compounds (HTy or Ty), in agreement with the polar paradox. On the other hand, FRAP and ABTS methods reported an opposite behavior between the synthetic esters and their respective references. Thus, hydroxytyrosyl esters were more active than HTy, whereas tyrosyl esters were less active than Ty. The length and nature of the acyl side chain did not seem to play an important role in the antioxidant activity of either the hydroxytyrosyl or tyrosyl ester series, since no significant differences were observed among them.  相似文献   

Role of vinylcatechin in the formation of pyranomalvidin-3-glucoside-+-catechin     

Cruz L  Teixeira N  Silva AM  Mateus N  Borges J  de Freitas V 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(22):10980-10987

Reactions between malvidin-3-glucoside (mv3glc) and 8-vinylcatechin were carried out to synthesize pyranomv3glc-(+)-catechin pigment and to study the formation of intermediates. A rapid decrease of mv3glc content concomitant with the formation of more complex structures such as mv3glc-vinylcatechin [precursor of pyranomv3glc-(+)-catechin pigment] and mv3glc-divinylcatechin was observed. On the other hand, 8-vinylcatechin undergoes acid-catalyzed dimerization in model wine solution, giving rise to 8-vinylcatechin dimers. These compounds were also found in the reaction between mv3glc and (+)-catechin mediated by acetaldehyde, which provides evidence for the formation of 8-vinylcatechin and its involvement in the formation of pyranoanthocyanins in aged red wines.  相似文献   

Secondary aluminium,iron and silica phases across a volcanic soil climosequence,Galápagos Islands     

Teresa Taboada  Cruz Ferro‐Vzquez  Georges Stoops  Antonio Martínez‐Cortizas  Ruth Rodríguez‐Flores  Luis Rodríguez‐Lado 《European Journal of Soil Science》2019,70(3):540-549

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Identification of coincident QTL for days to heading,spike length and spikelets per spike in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lolium perenne</Emphasis> L.     

Stephen Byrne  Emma Guiney  Susanne Barth  Iain Donnison  Luis A. J. Mur  Dan Milbourne 《Euphytica》2009,166(1):61-70

Flowering time is a trait which has a major influence on the quality of forage. In addition, flowering and subsequent seed yields are important traits for seed production by grass breeders. In this study, we have identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for flowering time and morphological traits of the flowering head in an F₁ mapping population in Lolium perenne L (perennial ryegrass), a number of which have not previously been identified in L. perenne mapping studies. QTL for days to heading (DTH) were mapped in both outdoor and glasshouse experiments, revealing three and five QTL for DTH which explained 53% and 42% of the total phenotypic variation observed, respectively. Two QTL for DTH were detected in both environments, although they had contrasting relative magnitudes in each environment. One QTL for spike length and three QTL for spikelets per spike were also identified explaining, a total of 32 and 33% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. Furthermore, the QTL for spike length and spikelets per spike generally coincided with QTL for days to heading, implying co-ordinate regulation by underlying genes. Of particular interest was a region harbouring overlapping QTL for days to heading, spike length and spikelets per spike on the top of linkage group 4, containing the major QTL for spike length identified in this population.  相似文献   

Persistence over time,overlapping distribution and molecular indications of interspecific hybridization in wild potato populations of Northwest Argentina     

Luis E. Erazzú  Elsa L. Camadro  Andrea M. Clausen 《Euphytica》2009,168(2):249-262

Solanum gourlayi and Solanum spegazzinii, wild potatoes endemic to Argentina, possess desirable traits for breeding. In periodical regenerations of accessions, variability was detected for morphology and breeding barriers. The persistence of these populations in nature was evaluated after more than 20 years. Both species were observed in all visited sites, along with other wild and cultivated potatoes. Chromosome numbers coincided with the originally reported, except for one population of Solanum gourlayi, with diploid and tetraploid cytotypes. The accompanying flora and environmental conditions revealed important alterations as the result of road construction, excessive stocking rates and overgrazing. Principal coordinate and cluster analyses and an AMOVA using AFLP data of three original accessions and the corresponding new accessions revealed high molecular variability and extensive overlapping. Plant grouping of accessions occurred at a distance of 0.58 for S. gourlayi, 0.62 for S. spegazzinii and 0.67 for both species. The role of natural hybridization and sexual polyploidization in the evolution of sympatric populations of wild potatoes is discussed.

Elsa L. CamadroEmail:

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Supply of POMs     

Sainz-Pardo L 《The Veterinary record》2003,153(3):96

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