Changes in enzymatic activity,accumulation of proteins and softening of persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) flesh as a function of pre-cooling acclimatization     

Edson Luiz de Souza  André Luiz Kulkamp de Souza  Aline Tiecher  César Luis Girardi  Leonardo Nora  Jorge Adolfo da Silva  Luiz Carlos Argenta  Cesar Valmor Rombaldi 《Scientia Horticulturae》2011

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What is your diagnosis? Ascarid impactions     

Arroyo LG  Quesada RJ  Medina-Torres CE  Baird JD 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2011,239(4):435-436

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Effectiveness of sorting calves with high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease on the basis of serum haptoglobin concentration at the time of arrival at a feedlot     

Holland BP  Step DL  Burciaga-Robles LO  Fulton RW  Confer AW  Rose TK  Laidig LE  Richards CJ  Krehbiel CR 《American journal of veterinary research》2011,72(10):1349-1360

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Twitch potentiation: a potential source of error during neuromuscular monitoring with acceleromyography in anesthetized dogs     

Martin-Flores M  Lau EJ  Campoy L  Erb HN  Gleed RD 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2011,38(4):328-335

ObjectiveTo measure twitch potentiation (the staircase phenomenon) in anesthetized dogs, and assess its relevance during neuromuscular monitoring with acceleromyography (AMG).Study designRandomized, prospective clinical trial.AnimalsSixteen dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.MethodsUnder isoflurane anesthesia, neuromuscular function was monitored with train-of-four (TOF) stimuli every 15 seconds and quantified by AMG. Neuromuscular blockade (NMB) was produced with 0.15 mg kg^?1 atracurium IV. Dogs were randomly divided into two groups; a potentiation group (PG) in which TOF stimulation was applied for 20 minutes before atracurium was administered; and a control group (CG) where no such time was allowed. In both groups, the AMG was calibrated (at tCAL) just before atracurium was administered. TOF stimulation continued throughout the experiment in all dogs. The height of the first twitch (T₁) (expressed as a fraction of T₁ at tCAL) and train-of-four ratio (TOFR) were recorded until TOFR returned to ≥90%.ResultsIn PG, T₁ increased significantly (p = 0.0078) from a median of 102% (range, 95, 109) at baseline to 118% (100, 142) at 20 minutes. In PG, no difference was found between T₁ at tCAL (immediately before atracurium administration) and T₁ when neuromuscular transmission returned (p = 0.42). In the CG, T₁ increased significantly between tCAL and the time neuromuscular transmission returned (p = 0.027). TOFR did not increase during twitch potentiation (all p = 0.32).Conclusions and clinical relevanceT₁ increased significantly during 20 minutes of uninterrupted TOF stimulation in the absence of NMB, establishing that twitch potentiation occurs in anesthetized dogs. With no time for potentiation, T₁ increased during the course of recovery from NMB; this phenomenon introduces a bias in T₁ measurements and could affect studies reporting potency and duration of NMB based on T₁ or single twitches. TOFR was unaltered by potentiation emphasizing its clinical usefulness for excluding post-operative residual NMB.  相似文献   

Improved water-use efficiency by deficit-irrigation programmes: Implications for saving water in citrus orchards     

Iván García Tejero  Víctor Hugo Durán ZuazoJuan Antonio Jiménez Bocanegra  José Luis Muriel Fernández 《Scientia Horticulturae》2011

Water efficiency is a key concept to solve water-shortage problems in semiarid areas. Deficit irrigation (DI) in many crops has frequently proved to be an efficient tool to optimise water-use efficiency. Three different DI strategies were studied for commercial orchards of mature sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck, cv. Salustiana and cv. Navelina) from 2006 to 2008: sustained deficit irrigation (SDI), regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), and low-frequency deficit irrigation (LFDI) all defined physiologically with stem-water potential thresholds. The experimental research plots were located in the Guadalquivir river basin, SW Spain. The effects of DI treatments on the fruit yield and on the crop-water status, by the integrated stem-water potential (Ψ_int) were analysed. Also, the benefits of DI in terms of agricultural water-use efficiency (WUE_agr) and financial water-use efficiency (WUE_f) were estimated for each irrigation strategy. Different relationships were estimated between these parameters and irrigation and total water applied, in order to establish the best irrigation strategy for different irrigation regimes. Yield and Ψ_int showed significant differences consistent with the water amounts applied, although the crop response was influenced by other parameters such as crop variety and irrigation strategy. In this sense, treatments with similar irrigation rates and Ψ_int resulted in different yield values, evidencing the importance of these factors. Regarding the crop variety, the results showed that cv. Salustiana responded better than cv. Navelina to DI, from the physiological and agricultural perspectives. In terms of water savings, the RDI and LFDI reduced water use by between 1000 and 1250 m³ ha⁻¹, respectively, with similar yields in comparison to the fully irrigated treatment, significantly improving the WUE. Consequently, the WUE_f, and WUE_agr were more strongly affected by deficit-irrigation strategy rather than the total water supplied. Thus, the amount of irrigation water would have a relative importance but other variables such as the irrigation strategy, would decidedly influence prudent water management in semiarid areas.  相似文献   

Pyrolysis of [14C]-chlorantraniliprole in tobacco     

Gaddamidi V  Zimmerman WT  Ponte M  Ruzo L 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(17):9424-9432

The pyrolysis of [(14)C]-chlorantraniliprole {3-bromo-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridinal)-N-[4-chloro-2-methyl-6-[(methylamino)carbonyl]phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide} in tobacco was examined. Typically five commercially available cigarettes were treated separately with either [pyrazole carbonyl-(14)C] or [benzamide carbonyl-(14)C]-chlorantraniliprole at a concentration of 20 ppm (μg chlorantraniliprole equivalent/g cigarette weight; main study) to 40 ppm (for degradate identification only). All treated cigarettes were smoked using an apparatus designed to collect mainstream (MS) and sidestream (SS) smoke through a glass fiber filter and a series of liquid traps. The material balance for recovery of applied radiolabel ranged from 92.4 to 94.9%. Unchanged chlorantraniliprole was the major component found in butt and filter extracts, averaging a total of 17.4-17.9% of the applied radioactivity. A nonpolar degradation product, 2-[3-bromo-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-6-chloro-3,8-dimethyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone, designated 1, represented an average of 10.1-15.9% of the applied radioactivity in the [pyrazole carbonyl-(14)C] or [benzamide carbonyl-(14)C]-chlorantraniliprole cigarettes, respectively. (14)CO(2) was the major degradate, representing an average of 32.9 and 25.1% of the applied radioactivity in pyrazole and benzamide experiments, respectively. In the pyrazole carbonyl label a polar degradate, 5-bromo-N-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (2) was present in the filter extracts at an average of 9.5% of the applied radioactivity. The most nonpolar degradate, 2,6-dichloro-4-methyl-11H-pyrido[2,1b]quinazolin-11-one (3), was present in [benzamide carbonyl-(14)C]-treated cigarettes only and represented an average of 14.7% of the applied radioactivity.  相似文献   

Flying vs. climbing: Factors controlling arboreal seed removal in oak-beech forests     

Ramón PereaAlfonso San Miguel  Luis Gil 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,262(7):1251-1257

Nuts are heavy and nutritious seeds that need animals to be successfully dispersed. Most studies address nut removal by a single animal species once seeds fall onto the ground. However, nuts are also accessible before the seed drop and usually to a wide guild of seed foragers. This study examines the factors controlling arboreal seed removal in oak-beech forests within the whole guild of nut foragers. We found that seed-dispersing rodents (Apodemus sylvaticus) were the main acorn removers in the oaks (up to 3.75 m height), with a rapid seed encounter and a high removal rate. However, rodents did not climb the beech trees, probably due to their smoother bark in comparison to oak bark and/or the lower nutritional value of beechnuts with regard to acorns. Jays (Garrulus glandarius) were more abundant in oak stands (both dense and scattered) and clearly preferred acorns to beechnuts whereas nuthatches (Sitta europaea) were more abundant in beech stands and preferred beechnuts to acorns. Non-storing birds such as great tits (Parus major) also removed acorns and beechnuts, especially in the stands where oaks are dominant. Jays and rodents preferred sound seeds over insect-infested seeds but such a preference was not found for nuthatches. This study highlights that pure beech stands showed a reduced guild of arboreal nut foragers in comparison to oak stands. This different guild could probably affect the spatial patterns of seed dispersal, with a proportionally higher number of long dispersal events for acorns (mostly jay-dispersed) than for beechnuts (mostly nuthatch-dispersed). Long-distance dispersal of beechnuts (by jays) is determined by the presence of other preferred species (oaks) and their frequency of non-mast years. Seed location in different habitats strongly determines the contribution of different arboreal removers (including climbing rodents) and their removal speed, leading to a differential seed fate that will eventually affect tree regeneration. As nuthatches are sedentary birds, it is important to maintain old and dead trees where they can breed (crevices), forage (arthropods) and store seeds in order to favor beechnut dispersal and gene flow. By maintaining or favoring oak trees within beech stands we will ensure a wider guild of arboreal nut dispersers.  相似文献   

Incidence of fumonisin B(2) production by Aspergillus niger in Portuguese wine regions     

Abrunhosa L  Calado T  Venancio A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(13):7514-7518

Fumonisin B(2) (FB(2)) was recently found to be produced by Aspergillus niger . When grape-derived products were subsequently analyzed, FB(2) contamination was found in raisins, must, and wine. This study evaluated 681 strains of black aspergilli species isolated from Portuguese wine grapes for FB(2) production when grown on Czapek yeast agar. FB(2) was not detected in Aspergillus carbonarius (n = 75) or Aspergillus ibericus (n = 9) strains, but it was detected in 176 (29%) of the strains belonging to A. niger aggregate (n = 597). The amount of FB(2) produced by these strains ranged from 0.003 to 6.0 mg/kg with a mean of 0.66 mg/kg. The Alentejo region had the lowest percentage (10%) of fumonisinogenic strains, whereas the Douro region had the highest percentage of fumonisinogenic strains (38%). Only 10 strains were found to produce FB(2) and ochratoxin A simultaneously.  相似文献   

Distribution of Metals in Vadose Zone of the Alluvial Plain in a Mining Creek Inferred from Geochemical, Mineralogical and Geophysical Studies: The Beal Wadi Case (Cartagena�CLa Union Mining District, SE Spain)     

Oscar Gonzalez-Fernandez  Luis Rivero  Ignacio Queralt  Manuel Viladevall 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,221(1-4):45-61

The assessment of metals dispersal in polluted mining areas is a very complex issue, usually needing data from several analytical techniques in a joint approach. The present work focuses on the impact of the mining activity on lowlands alluvial plain sediments from an ephemeral creek, their role as source or sink of pollution and the spatial distribution of metals within the zone. In-depth distribution of elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Ti and Zn) coming from mining activities was investigated by using X-ray fluorescence techniques and their mineralogical form using X-ray diffraction. A 2-D electrical resistance tomography field survey was carried out throughout at the creek bed to interpret the potential relationships between chemical, mineralogical and geophysical parameters. The application of leaching procedure (DIN 38414-S4 test) allows us to know the sediment??s heavy metals hazard and their potential mobility when changing redox conditions. From the results it was found that redox process of sulphur and the presence of carbonate influence the distribution of metals along the profile. In the present work, the precipitation of carbonates seems the most important process, especially for elements such as Zn and Mn. Secondary precipitation of sulphides enables the trapping of metals at sulphur-rich levels.  相似文献   

SPME-GC-MS versus Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry (SIFT-MS) analyses for the study of volatile compound generation and oxidation status during dry fermented sausage processing     

Olivares A  Dryahina K  Navarro JL  Smith D  Spanĕl P  Flores M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(5):1931-1938

The use of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry together with solid phase microextraction (GC-MS-SPME) has been compared in the analysis of volatile compounds during dry fermented sausage processing. Thus, the headspace (HS) of samples of dry fermented sausages with different fat contents was analyzed during their manufacture using both techniques, and significant and positive correlations were found between SIFT-MS and SPME-GC-MS measurements for the compounds pentanal, hexanal, 2-heptenal, octanal, 2-nonenal, 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, ethanol, acetic acid, and hexanoic acid. The oxidative status of fermented sausages during processing was also evaluated, and a significant correlation was obtained between the HS concentration of lipid autoxidation volatile compounds measured by SIFT-MS and SPME-GC-MS and the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the sausage. The hexanal measured by SIFT-MS resulted in a higher correlation coefficient (r = 0.936) than that obtained using SPME-GC-MS (r = 0.927). SIFT-MS is shown to be a fast, real time analytical technique for monitoring changes in the profile of volatile compounds in dry fermented sausages during processing and a useful tool to evaluate the oxidative status of meat products.  相似文献