Math and science achievement     

Bybee RW  Kennedy D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,307(5709):481

  相似文献   

Effect of intranasal vaccination against bovine enteric coronavirus on the occurrence of respiratory tract disease in a commercial backgrounding feedlot     

Plummer PJ  Rohrbach BW  Daugherty RA  Daugherty RA  Thomas KV  Wilkes RP  Duggan FE  Kennedy MA 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2004,225(5):726-731

OBJECTIVE: To measure antibody titers against bovine coronavirus (BCV), determine frequency of BCV in nasal swab specimens, and compare calves treated for bovine respiratory tract disease (BRD) between those given an intranasally administered vaccine and control calves. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. ANIMALS: 414 heifer calves. PROCEDURE: Intranasal BCV antigen concentration and antibody titer against BCV were measured on entry to a feedlot. Calves were randomly assigned to receive 3.0 mL of a modified-live virus vaccine against bovine enteric coronavirus and rotavirus or 3.0 mL of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Calves were confined to 1 of 2 pens, depending on vaccination status, for a minimum of 17 days of observation (range, 17 to 99). Selection of calves for treatment of BRD and scoring for severity of disease were done by veterinarians unaware of treatment status. RESULTS: Intranasal BCV (125/407 [31%]) and serum antibody titers > or = 20 against BCV (246/396 [62%]) were identified in calves entering the feedlot. Vaccination was associated with significant decrease in risk of treatment for BRD; intranasal BCV on entry to the feedlot was associated with increased risk of treatment. Univariate analysis revealed that control calves with intranasal BRD on entry to the feedlot and those with antibody titer < 20 were significantly more likely to be treated for BRD. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These data provide further evidence of an association between BCV and respiratory tract disease in feedlot calves. An intranasally administered vaccine appeared to reduce risk of treatment for BRD.  相似文献   

PMWS: experimental model and co-infections   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

Allan GM  McNeilly F  Ellis J  Krakowka S  Botner A  McCullough K  Nauwynck H  Kennedy S  Meehan B  Charreyre C 《Veterinary microbiology》2004,98(2):165-168

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is now recognised as the causal agent of porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), an economically important wasting disease of young pigs [J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 12 (2000) 3]. Gross lesions of PMWS include generalised lymphadenopathy, hepatitis, nephritis and pneumonia and typical histological lesions include lymphocytic depletion and multinucleated giant cell formation in lymph nodes, degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, and multifocal lymphohistocytic interstitial pneumonia.This communication will review the results of experimental infections of gnotobiotic (GN), colostrum-deprived (CD) and colostrum-fed (CF) pigs within our group, and elsewhere, with PCV2 and the conclusions that can be drawn from this work.  相似文献   

Comment on the "Report of the AAHA Canine Vaccine Task Force: 2003 canine vaccine guidelines, recommendations, and supporting literature"     

Roth JA  DeBay M  Greene RT  Kennedy M  Thacker E 《Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association》2004,40(5):349-50; author reply 351

  相似文献   

Neuroscience and neuroethics     

Kennedy D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5695):373

  相似文献   

A reminder to show empathy to grieving pet owners     

Kennedy P 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2004,225(10):1527

  相似文献   

Field validation and assessment of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting chronic wasting disease in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni).     

Charles P Hibler  Kathi L Wilson  Terry R Spraker  Michael W Miller  Robert R Zink  Linda L DeBuse  Elaine Andersen  Darrell Schweitzer  James A Kennedy  Laurie A Baeten  John F Smeltzer  Mo D Salman  Barbara E Powers 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2003,15(4):311-319

Tissue samples (n = 25,050 total) from 23,256 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) collected statewide in Colorado were examined for chronic wasting disease (CWD) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay developed by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. (brELISA), in a 2-phase study. In the validation phase of this study, a total of 4,175 retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RLN) or obex (OB) tissue samples were examined independently by brELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). There were 137 IHC-positive samples and 4,038 IHC-negative samples. Optical density (OD) values from brELISA were classified as "not detected" or "suspect" based on recommended cutoff values during the validation phase. Using IHC-positive cases as known CWD-infected individuals and assuming IHC-negative cases as uninfected, the relative sensitivity of brELISA depending on species ranged from 98.3% to 100% for RLN samples and 92.1% to 93.3% for OB samples; the relative specificity of brELISA depending on species ranged from 99.9% to 100% for RLN samples and was 100% for OB samples. Overall agreement between brELISA and IHC was > or = 97.6% in RLN samples and > or = 95.7% in OB samples of all species where values could be calculated; moreover, mean brELISA OD values were > or = 46X higher in IHC-positive samples than in IHC-negative samples. Discrepancies were observed only in early-stage cases of CWD. Based on the validation phase data, only RLN samples were collected for the field application phase of this study and only samples with brELISA OD values > 0.1 were examined by IHC. Among 20,875 RLN samples screened with brELISA during this second testing phase, 155 of 8,877 mule deer, 33 of 11,731 elk, and 9 of 267 white-tailed deer samples (197 total) had OD values > 0.1 and were further evaluated by IHC to confirm evidence of CWD infection. Of cases flagged for IHC follow-up, 143 of 155 mule deer, 29 of 33 elk, and all 9 white-tailed deer were confirmed positive. Mean (+/- SE) OD values for IHC-positive cases detected during the field application phase were comparable with those measured in RLN tissues during the validation phase. Based on these data, brELISA was determined to be an excellent rapid test for screening large numbers of samples in surveys designed to detect CWD infections in deer and elk populations.  相似文献   

The role of WC1(+) gamma delta T-cells in the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin-test reaction of Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kennedy HE  Welsh MD  Cassidy JP  Bryson DG  Forster F  McNair J  Gangadharan B  Howard CJ  Pollock JM 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2003,93(3-4):169-176

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin-testing with mycobacterial antigens is often used as a means of identifying Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle. Better understanding of the cellular basis underlying the DTH reaction is required if diagnostic methods are to be improved upon. Previous studies have shown that gamma delta T-cells, particularly those bearing the WC1 molecule, are present at an early stage of developing DTH responses and that such cells may modulate the developing immune response immediately following M. bovis-infection. However, their role, if any, in the DTH response remains unclear. In the present study we have used an in vivo model to deplete WC1(+) gamma delta T-cells, from cattle with established M. bovis-infection, prior to skin-testing. Results indicate that, although WC1(+) gamma delta T-cells do infiltrate the skin-test site in normal calves, they do not appear to be essential for the development of DTH skin swelling, as indicated by effective development of skin responses in calves depleted of circulating WC1(+) gamma delta T-cells.  相似文献   

Effects of florfenicol injection on the meat characteristics of the cervical muscles in cattle     

Hawkins LL  Perino LJ  Kennedy G  Dikeman M  Cole D 《American journal of veterinary research》2002,63(1):64-68

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of florfenicol injection on the meat characteristics of the cervical muscles in cattle. ANIMALS: 100 steers (mean weight, 380 kg). PROCEDURE: In 50 calves, florfenicol (25 ml, twice) was injected into the cervical muscles of 1 side of the neck, and saline (0.9% NaCI) solution (25 ml, twice) was injected into the cervical muscles of the other side of the neck. In the remaining 50 calves, florfenicol was injected into the cervical muscles of 1 side of the neck, and nothing was injected into the cervical muscles of the other side of the neck. Animals were slaughtered 132 days later, and samples of the cervical muscles were submitted for histologic evaluation and measurement of shear forces. RESULTS: 2 injection sites used in the present study had extensive lesions, and both of these were sites where florfenicol had been injected. However, histologic scores for the florfenicol injection sites were not significantly different from scores for the contralateral saline solution injection sites and uninjected control sites. In addition, shear force values were not significantly different between sites in which florfenicol had been injected and the contralateral sites. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that few reactions should be expected with injection of florfenicol into the cervical muscles in steers and that reactions that do occur will consist mainly of fibrosis and infiltration of adipose tissue. However, shear force values, a measure of tenderness of the meat, should not be affected.  相似文献   

Growth hormone response to a novel growth hormone-releasing tripeptide in horses: interaction with gonadotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and sulpiride     

Kennedy SR  Thompson DL  Pruett HE  Burns PJ  Deghenghi R 《Journal of animal science》2002,80(3):744-750

A series of experiments was performed to determine the factor(s) responsible for an apparent inhibition of GH secretion in mares administered the GH secretagogue EP51389 in combination with GnRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and sulpiride. Experiment 1 tested the repeatability of the original observation: 10 mares received EP51389 at 10 microg/kg BW; five received TRH (10 microg/kg BW), GnRH (1 microg/kg BW), and sulpiride (100 microg/kg BW) immediately before EP51389, and five received saline. The mixture of TRH, GnRH, and sulpiride reduced (P = 0.0034) the GH response to EP51389, confirming the inhibitory effects. Experiment 2 tested the hypothesis that sulpiride, a dopamine antagonist, was the inhibitory agent. Twelve mares received EP51389 as in Exp. 1; six received sulpiride before EP51389 and six received saline. The GH responses in the two groups were similar (P > 0.1), indicating that sulpiride was not the inhibitory factor. Experiment 3 tested the effects of TRH and(or) GnRH in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Three mares each received saline, TRH, GnRH, or the combination before EP51389 injection. There was a reduction (P < 0.0001) in GH response in mares receiving TRH, whereas GnRH had no effect (P > 0.1). Given those results, Exp. 4 was conducted to confirm that TRH was inhibitory in vivo as opposed to some unknown chemical interaction of the two compounds in the injection solution. Twenty mares received TRH or saline and(or) EP51389 or saline in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Injections were given separately so that the two secretagogues never came in contact before injection. Again, TRH reduced (P < 0.0001) the GH response to EP51389. In addition, TRH and EP51389 each resulted in a temporary increase in cortisol concentrations. Experiment 5 tested whether TRH would alter the GH response to GHRH itself. Twelve mares received porcine GHRH at 0.4 microg/kg BW; six received TRH prior to GHRH and six received saline. After adjustment for pretreatment differences between groups, the GHRH-induced GH response was completely inhibited (P = 0.068) by TRH. Exp. 6 was a repeat of Exp. 5, except geldings were used (five per group). Again, pretreatment with TRH inhibited (P < 0.0001) the GH response to GHRH. In conclusion, TRH inhibits the GH response not only to EP51389 but also to GHRH in horses, and in addition to its known secretagogue action on prolactin and TSH it may also stimulate ACTH at the dosage used in these experiments.  相似文献