Influence of calcium carbide formulations on growth,yield and nitrogen uptake of wheat under field conditions     

Rashid Mahmood  Muhammad Yaseen 《Journal of plant nutrition》2016,39(5):609-619

Field experiments were conducted in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 to evaluate the effects of three calcium carbide (CaC₂) based formulations (slow release sources of acetylene and ethylene) - matrix-1 [(M-1)(21% CaC₂, 58% polyethylene and 21% plaster of paris)], matrix-2 [(M-2)(42% CaC₂, 48% polyethylene and 10% plaster of paris)] and paint coated [(PC)(35% CaC₂, 44% paint and 21% plaster of paris)] - on nitrification inhibition; growth, yield and nitrogen (N)-uptake of wheat. All the three CaC₂ formulations (CCF,s) inhibited nitrification, reduced plant height, and improved N-uptake, spike bearing tillers, 1000-grains weight and yield of Inqulab-91 and Bhakhar-02 wheat cultivars. Increase in grain yield was found maximum (22% over the control) with M-1 applied at 30 kg CaC₂ ha^?1; followed by M-2 and PC. Furthermore, CaC₂ significantly reduced lodging in Bhakhar-02 plots. It is concluded that grain yield of wheat can be enhanced by the application of CaC₂ formulations particularly M-1 along with NPK fertilizers.  相似文献   

Epidemiological study of an outbreak of infectious coryza on a poultry farm in Iraq     

R A Rashid  J Z Pociecha 《Avian diseases》1984,28(1):235-237

This report deals with an outbreak of infectious coryza (IC) in a Badosh, Iraq, poultry farm in 1982. It appears to be the first published report of IC in Iraq, although claims of previous occurrence of the disease have been made.  相似文献   

Mixed-layer deepening during Heinrich events: a multi-planktonic foraminiferal delta18O approach     

Rashid H  Boyle EA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5849):439-441

Proxies from Greenland ice cores and North Atlantic marine sediment cores document repeated extreme climate swings of a few decades to millennia during the last glacial cycle, including periods of intense ice rafting called Heinrich events (HEs). We have found similar oxygen isotope variations recorded in mixed-layer-and thermocline-dwelling planktonic foraminifera during HEs 0, 1, and 4, suggesting that three foraminiferal taxa calcified their shells at similar temperatures in a homogenized upperwater column. This implies that the surface mixed layer was deeper during HEs. Similar deepening occurred on the northern margin of the ice-rafted-debris belt, implying that these deep mixed layers during HEs were widespread in the region. We suggest that an increase in storminess during HEs intensified the vertical mixing of meltwater from ice rafting in the upper ocean.  相似文献   

Response of Wheat to Tillage Plus Rice Residue and Nitrogen Management in Rice-Wheat System   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Khalid Usman  ;Ejaz Ahmad Khan  ;Niamatullah Khan  ;Abdur Rashid  ;Fazal Yazdan  ;Saleem Ud Din 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2014,(11):2389-2398

Zero tillage with residues retention and optimizing nitrogen fertilization are important strategies to improve soil quality and wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） yield in rice （Oryza sativa L.）-wheat system. Field experiments were conducted on silty clay soil （Hyperthermic, and Typic Torrilfuvents） in D. I. Khan, Pakistan, to explore the impact of six tillage methods （zero tillage straw retained （ZTsr）, ZT straw burnt （ZTsb）, reduced tillage straw incorporated （RTsi, including tiller and rotavator）, RT straw burnt （RTsb）, conventional tillage straw incorporated （CTsi, including disc plow, tiller, rotavator, and leveling operations）, CT straw burnt （CTsb）） and ifve nitrogen rates, i.e., 0, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg ha-1 on wheat yield. Mean values for N revealed that spikes m-2, grains/spike, 1 000-grain weight （g）, and grain yield （kg ha-1） were signiifcantly higher at 200 kg N ha-1 in both the years as well as mean over years than all other treatments. Mean values for tillage revealed that ZTsr produced highest number of spikes m-2 among tillage methods. However, grains/spike, 1 000-grain weight, and grain yield were higher in tillage methods with either straw retained/incorporated than tillage methods with straw burnt. Interaction effects were signiifcant in year 1 and in mean over years regarding spikes m-2, 1 000-grain weight, total soil organic matter （SOM）, and total soil N （TSN）. ZTsr produced the most spikes m-2 and 1 000-grain weight at 200 kg N ha-1. ZTsr also produced higher SOM and TSN at 200-250 kg N ha-1 at the end of 2 yr cropping. Thus ZTsr with 200 kg N ha-1 may be an optimum and sustainable approach to enhance wheat yield and soil quality in rice-wheat system.  相似文献   

Short Response of Spring Wheat to Tillage,Residue Management and Split Nitrogen Application in a Rice-Wheat System   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Khalid Usman  ;Ejaz Ahmad Khan  ;Fazal Yazdan  ;Niamatullah Khan  ;Abdur Rashid  ;Saleem Ud Din 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2014,(12):2625-2633

A ifeld experiment was conducted to study the impact of tillage, crop residue management and nitrogen （N） splitting on spring wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） yield over 2 yr （2010-2012） in a rice （Oryza sativa L.）-wheat system in northwestern Pakistan. The experiment was conducted as split plot arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments comprised six tillage and residue managements：zero tillage straw retained （ZTsr）, zero tillage straw burnt （ZTsb）, reduced tillage straw incorporated （RTsi）, reduced tillage straw burnt （RTsb）, conventional tillage straw incorporated （CTsi）, and conventional tillage straw burnt （CTsb） as main plots and N （200 kg ha-1） was applied as split form viz., control （no nitrogen＆no splitting, N0S0）;2 splits of total N, half at sowing and half at the 1st irrigation （i.e., 20 d after sowing （DAS）） （NS1）;3 splits of total N, 1/3 at sowing, 1/3 at the 1st irrigation, and 1/3 at the 2nd irrigation （NS2）;4 splits of total N, 1/4 at sowing, 1/4 at the 1st irrigation, 1/4 at the 2nd irrigation （45 DAS）, and 1/4 at the 3rd irrigation （70 DAS） （NS3）;and 4 splits of total N, 1/4 at the 1st irrigation, 1/4 at the 2nd irrigation, 1/4 at the 3rd irrigation, and 1/4 at the 4th irrigation （95DAS） （NS4） as sub plots. The results showed that the most pikes m-2, grains/spike, 1 000-grain weight, grain yield, and N use efifciency （NUE） were obtained at zero tillage, straw retained and 4 splits application of total N （i.e., at sowing 20, 45 and 70 d after sowing）. The results indicated that ZTsr with application of 200 kg N ha-1 in 4 equal splits viz. at sowing 20, 45 and 70 d after sowing is an appropriate strategy that enhanced wheat yield （7 436-7 634 kg ha-1） and N efifciency （28.6-29.5 kg kg-1） in rice-wheat system.  相似文献   

Reduced tillage techniques for wetland rice as affected by herbicides   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Rashid A. Shad  S. K. De Datta 《Soil & Tillage Research》1986,6(4):291-303

Two experiments on land preparation practices, consisting of zero, minimum and conventional tillage treatments, revealed that conventional tillage was the best practice in terms of grain yield, tiller number and weed yield. It was followed by minimum and zero tillage, respectively. A third experiment where zero tillage was associated with dry-seeding with a rolling-injection planter produced yields which were similar to minimum and conventional tillage. Compared to paraquat and SC-0224, glyphosate performed better both in zero and in minimum tillage when followed by harrowing. Application time of paraquat or glyphosate did not affect the grain yield. Butachlor (0.8) application 6 days after seeding significantly increased the grain yield and tiller number. Of the crop establishment methods tested, dry-seeding with a rolling-injection planter in zero tillage, broadcast wet-seeding by hand in minimum tillage and wet-seeding with a low land-seeder in conventional tillage proved to be most suitable. Dry-seeding with a rolling-injection planter proved better in the dry-season, than in the wet-season experiment.  相似文献   

High-strength, low-alloy steels     

Rashid MS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1980,208(4446):862-869

High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels have nearly the same composition as plain carbon steels. However, they are up to twice as strong and their greater load-bearing capacity allows engineering use in lighter sections. Their high strength is derived from a combination of grain refinement; precipitation strengthening due to minor additions of vanadium, niobium, or titanium; and modifications of manufacturing processes, such as controlled rolling and controlled cooling of otherwise essentially plain carbon steel. HSLA steels are less formable than lower strength steels, but dualphase steels, which evolved from HSLA steels, have ferrite-martensite microstructures and better formability than HSLA steels of similar strength. This improved formability has substantially increased the utilization potential of high-strength steels in the manufacture of complex components. This article reviews the development of HSLA and dual-phase steels and discusses the effects of variations in microstructure and chemistry on their mechanical properties.  相似文献   

Influence of Boron Nutrition on Membrane Leakage,Chlorophyll Content and Gas Exchange Characteristics in Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.)     

N. Ahmed  A. Rashid  R. Abou-Shanab  F. Ahmad 《Journal of plant nutrition》2014,37(14):2302-2315

Understanding the effect of boron (B) on plant physiology will help to refine the diagnosis of B deficiency and improvement in B fertilizer recommendations for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growing areas. This study shows the testing of hypotheses “that application of B-fertilizer improves net photosynthetic rate (P_N) and water use efficiency (WUE) for cotton plant on a B-deficient soil [< 0.50 mg B kg^?1 hydrochloric acid (HCl)-extractable] in an arid environment”. Thus, a permanent layout [two-year field experiment (2004 and 2005)] was conducted to study the impact of B fertilizer at 0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 kg ha^?1 on gas exchange and electrolyte leakage (EL) characteristics of cotton crop (cv. ‘CIM-473’). The soil at experimental site was alkaline (pH 8.1), calcareous [calcium carbonate (CaCO₃ 5.6%)], and silt loam (Typic Haplocambid). Boron use decreased EL of plant membrane (P ≤ 0.05), and increased P_N, transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s), while intercellular concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂; C_i) significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) during both experimental years. There was a positive, but non-significant effect of B concentration on chlorophyll content in plant leaves. Application of 3.0 kg B ha^?1 improved WUE up to 9.7% [4.62 μmol (CO₂) mmol^?1 water (H₂O)] compared to control plants (4.21 [μmol (CO₂) mmol^?1 (H₂O)]. Principal component analysis (PCA) of data indicates positive correlations between leaf B concentration and P_N, E, g_s, and WUE, while a negative relationship existed between leaf B concentration and intercellular CO₂ (C_i). This study showed that addition of B fertilizer in the B-deficient calcareous soil proved beneficial for growth and development for cotton crop by enhancing its WUE and gas exchange characteristics.  相似文献   

Evaluating and implementing social–ecological systems: A comprehensive approach to sustainable fisheries          下载免费PDF全文

Robert L. Stephenson  Stacey Paul  Melanie Wiber  Eric Angel  Ashleen J. Benson  Anthony Charles  Omer Chouinard  Marc Clemens  Dan Edwards  Paul Foley  Lindsay Jennings  Owen Jones  Dan Lane  Jim McIsaac  Claire Mussells  Barbara Neis  Bethany Nordstrom  Courtenay Parlee  Evelyn Pinkerton  Mark Saunders  Kevin Squires  U. Rashid Sumaila 《Fish and Fisheries》2018,19(5):853-873

Fisheries sustainability is recognized to have four pillars: ecological, economic, social (including cultural) and institutional (or governance). Although international agreements, and legislation in many jurisdictions, call for implementation of all four pillars of sustainability, the social, economic and institutional aspects (i.e., the “human dimensions”) have not been comprehensively and collectively addressed to date. This study describes a framework for comprehensive fisheries evaluation developed by the Canadian Fisheries Research Network (CFRN) that articulates the full spectrum of ecological, economic, social and institutional objectives required under international agreements, together with candidate performance indicators for sustainable fisheries. The CFRN framework is aimed at practical fisheries evaluation and management and has a relatively balanced distribution of elements across the four pillars of sustainability relative to 10 alternative management decision support tools and indicator scorecards, which are heavily focused on ecological and economic aspects. The CFRN framework has five immediate uses: (a) It can serve as a logic frame for defining management objectives; (b) it can be used to define alternate management options to achieve given objectives; (c) it can serve as a tool for comparing management scenarios/options in decision support frameworks; (d) it can be employed to create a report card for comprehensive fisheries management evaluation; and (e) it is a tool for practical implementation of an integrated social–ecological system approach.  相似文献   

Oral administration of Saccharomyces boulardii alters duodenal morphology,enzymatic activity and cytokine production response in broiler chickens          下载免费PDF全文

Yajing Sun  Imran Rashid Rajput  Muhammad Asif Arain  Yanfei Li  Dost Muhammad Baloch 《Animal Science Journal》2017,88(8):1204-1211

The present study evaluated the effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on duodenal digestive enzymes, morphology and cytokine induction response in broiler chicken. A total of 200 birds were allotted into two groups (n = 100) and each group divided into five replications (n = 20). The control group was fed basal diet in addition to antibiotic (virginiamycin 20 mg/kg), and treatment group received (1 × 10⁸ colony‐forming units/kg feed) S. boulardii in addition to basal diet lasting for 72 days. The results compared to control group revealed that adenosine triphosphatase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, lipase and trypsin activities were higher, while, no significant improvement was observed in amylase activities in the duodenum of the treatment group. Moreover, morphological findings showed that villus height, width and number of goblet cells markedly increased. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy visualized that villus height, width and structural condensation significantly increased in the treatment group. The immunohistological observations showed increased numbers of immunoglobulin A (IgA)‐positive cells in the duodenum of the treatment group. Meanwhile, cytokine production levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin (IL)‐10, transforming growth factor‐β and secretory IgA markedly increased, and IL‐6 statistically remained unchanged as compared to the control group. These findings illustrated that initial contact of S. boulardii to the duodenum has significant impact in improving enzymatic activity, intestinal morphology and cytokine response in broiler chicken.  相似文献