Adsorption,activity, and kinetics of acid phosphatase as influenced by selected oxides and clay minerals     

Haruo Shindo  Daisuke Watanabe  Tatsuya Onaga  Makiko Urakawa  Osamu Nakahara  Qiaoyun Huang 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(5):763-767

Abstrac

The effects of 3 oxides (Fe, Al, and Mn oxides) and 3 clay minerals (kaolin, montmorillonite, and allophane) on the adsorption and subsequent kinetic properties of acid phosphatase were compared. The amount of enzyme adsorbed by the oxides and clay minerals followed the order: montmorillonite ? kaolin > Mn oxide > Fe oxide > Al oxide ? allophane. The adsorption isotherms of the enzyme on the oxides and clay minerals, except for montmorillonite and allophane, fitted the Langmuir equation. The activity of the enzyme immobilized by the inorganic components studied was in the order of allophane > kaolin > Fe oxide > montmorillonite > Al oxide ≒ Mn oxide. Compared to the free enzyme, the V _max, K_m, and V _max / K _m values of the immobilized enzyme decreased, increased, and decreased, respectively. Among the oxides or clay minerals, the higher the ability of the inorganic components to adsorb the enzyme, the lower the value of the V _max / K _m ratio of the immobilized enzyme. These findings suggest that the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme complexes formed is determined by the adsorbability of the inorganic components for the enzyme.  相似文献   

Soil formation of new lahar materials derived from Mt. Pinatubo     

Reina Sasaki  Masao Yoshida  Yutaka Ohtsu  Miki Miyahira  Hiroyuki Ohta  Makiko Watanabe 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):575-582

The early stage of weathering / soil formation processes from new volcanic mudflow (new lahar materials) brought from Mt. Pinatubo was examined. For this purpose, comparative studies on the physical / chemical characteristics of the new lahar materials and soils formed by the deposition of old lahar materials were conducted. Original soils contained less coarse sand, more silt, and clay than the new lahar materials. Increase in the clay content of the original soils reflected the progression of weathering. The occurrence of a higher leaching process of Fe, Ca, and Mg and of a moderate accumulation of organic matter in the original soils was suggested, based on the differences in the soil elemental composition and chemical properties. Values of base saturation and phosphate absorption coefficient (PAC) of the new lahar materials were 388% and 44, while those of all the original soils ranged 15–160% and 55–894, respectively. With the progression of weathering, the PAC value tended to increase gradually while the base saturation value decreased abruptly under the environmental conditions prevailing in the Philippines.  相似文献   

Changes of serum growth hormone and vitellogenin levels during vitellogenesis in female masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Haruhisa Fukada  Naoshi Hiramatsu  Makiko Kitamura  Munetaka Shimizu and  Akihiko Hara 《Fisheries Science》2000,66(4):789-791

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Distribution and development of sclerotium grains as influenced by aluminum status in volcanic ash soils     

Makiko Watanabe  Takashi Kado  Hiroyuki Ohta  Nobuhide Fujitake 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):569-575

Granulometric and clay mineralogical analyses were performed on soil types differing in their genesis which had been formed on the raised coral limestone terraces and plateaux under the perhumid subtropical maritime climate of the Ryukyu Islands. The amount of clay fraction in Rendzina-like soil on the lower terrace was relatively small (8-34%) and decreased with depth, while those in Terra fusca-like soils on the middle terraces and in Terra rossa-like soil on the plateau were very large (45–78%) suggesting the occurrence of clay migration.

Rendzina-like soil mainly contained illite and metahalloysite with a moderate amount of mixed layered mineral consisting of illite and vermiculite, and a small amount of vermiculite, Al-vermiculite, goethite, and quartz. Clay mineral composition of Terra fusca-like and Mottled Terra fusca-like soils was similar to that of Rendzina-like soil except that the content of illite was lower in these soils. Terra rossa-like soil, on the other hand, mainly contained Al-vermiculite, metahalloysite, and gibbsite, indicating a highly advanced stage of hydroxyaluminium interlayering. Differences in clay mineral composition from that of Rendzina, Terra fusca, and Terra rossa soils in the European countries were recognized, in that mont-morillonite was absent and hydroxyaluminium interlayering actively proceeded in the soils studied here. This finding is considered to reflect the rapid alteration and intense hydroxyaluminium interlayering of clay minerals under the perhumid subtropical conditions.  相似文献   

Aluminum concentrations in sclerotia from a buried humic horizon of volcanic ash soils in Mt. Myoko,Central Japan     

Makiko Watanabe  Nobuhide Fujitake  Hiroyuki Ohta  Takushi Yokoyama 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(2):411-418

The morphology and chemical composition of fungal sclerotium-like grains collected from the buried humic horizon of volcanic ash soil in Mt. Myoko were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersion xray micro-analyzer (EDX), and electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA). A high C content, low level of Si and high concentration of Al characterized the grains considered to correspond to the sclerotia of Cenoccocum graniforme. The ²⁷Al MAS NMR spectrum of the sclerotia showed the existence of 6- and 4-coordinated Al. X-ray diffraction analyses supported the presence of amorphous Al (ex. Al-humus complex) in the sclerotia.  相似文献   

Effect of the long-term application of anaerobically digested residual slurry on methane emissions in a rice paddy field     

Takashi S. T. Tanaka  Yoshiro Nitta  Kaoru Kido  Tomohiro Nishikawa  Toru Matoh  Tatsuya Inamura 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):300-305

ABSTRACT

The anaerobic digestion of livestock manure is an environmentally compatible technology used for the production of renewable energy. Anaerobically digested residual slurry has been used worldwide as a liquid fertilizer in both upland and paddy fields. However, a controversial question remains as to whether the application of slurry to rice paddy fields increases methane emissions; although methane is one of the most prevalent greenhouse gases, little is known about the effects of the long-term application of residual slurry on methane emission. In this study, we repeatedly applied slurry to a paddy field for six years at different application rates (10, 15, and 20 g N m^?2 based on ammonium-nitrogen content). At the fifth and sixth years of application, we evaluated the effect in terms of methane flux and soil total carbon content. The effect of the long-term application of the slurry (10 g N m^?2) on grain yield was equivalent to that of chemical fertilizer (10 g N m^?2). The application of the residual slurry was likely to increase the cumulative methane emissions during rice growing season in both 2006 and 2007. On the other hand, we observed that soil total carbon did not accumulate significantly in the soil. Thus, we cannot rule out the potential risk of additional methane emissions caused by the application of the residuary slurry to paddy fields.  相似文献   

Earth's energy imbalance: confirmation and implications   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Hansen J  Nazarenko L  Ruedy R  Sato M  Willis J  Del Genio A  Koch D  Lacis A  Lo K  Menon S  Novakov T  Perlwitz J  Russell G  Schmidt GA  Tausnev N 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5727):1431-1435

Our climate model, driven mainly by increasing human-made greenhouse gases and aerosols, among other forcings, calculates that Earth is now absorbing 0.85 +/- 0.15 watts per square meter more energy from the Sun than it is emitting to space. This imbalance is confirmed by precise measurements of increasing ocean heat content over the past 10 years. Implications include (i) the expectation of additional global warming of about 0.6 degrees C without further change of atmospheric composition; (ii) the confirmation of the climate system's lag in responding to forcings, implying the need for anticipatory actions to avoid any specified level of climate change; and (iii) the likelihood of acceleration of ice sheet disintegration and sea level rise.  相似文献   

Method for Estimating the Content of the Chloroform-Extractable Green Fraction (CEGF) in HCl-DMSO Extract of Soils     

Takayuki Kobayashi  Daichi Asakawa  Yukiko Yanagi  Takeshi Suzuki  Makiko Watanabe  Hiroyuki Ohta  Nobuhide Fujitake 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2005,51(6):779-786

Chloroform-extractable green fraction (CEGF) was detected in the supernatant obtained by alkali precipitation from the HCI-dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) extract of Pg-rich soil. In the alkaline solution, the color of CEGF was green and CEGF showed strong Pg-like absorption bands. Ultraviolet and visible (UV-VIS) spectral analysis and gel chromatography on Sephadex G-50 were performed to compare several properties between CEGF and Pg. CEGF, which was purified by gel chromatography on Bio-Beads SX-1, displayed strong absorption bands at 609, 562, 445 and 280 inn in the alkaline solution. These absorption bands were almost similar to those of Pg. Furthermore, the UV-VIS spectrum of CEGF in the organic solvents showed a similar characteristic pattern of 4,9-dihydroxyperylene-3,10-quinone (DHPQ), which was considered to be a chromophore of Pg. Based on the results of gel chromatography on Sephadex G-50, CEGF mainly consisted of two fractions, corresponding to the G₂ and G₃ fractions of Pg. These results indicated that the method for extracting CEGF from Pg-rich soil in the present study was easy and selective and that CEGF was one of the components of, or a closely related substance to Pg. A colorimetric method for the estimation of the CEGF content in soils was developed. The calibration curve of CEGF was linear over a wide range of contents from 2.75 to 220 mg L⁻¹. The CEGF content in twelve samples of various soils was examined. CEGF was detected in all the soil sampled (5 orders) including three samples (3 orders) where Pg was not detected, and the content ranged from 0.07 to 1.66 g kg⁻¹ (dry soil). Therefore, the method for estimating the CEGF content in soils developed in the present study was found to be suitable for various soil orders and it was assumed that CEGF occurred in various soil orders.  相似文献   

2-O-(beta-D-Glucopyranosyl)ascorbic acid, a novel ascorbic acid analogue isolated from Lycium fruit     

Toyoda-Ono Y  Maeda M  Nakao M  Yoshimura M  Sugiura-Tomimori N  Fukami H 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(7):2092-2096

A novel stable precursor of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), 2-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)ascorbic acid, was isolated from both the ripe fresh fruit and dried fruit of Lycium barbarum L., a plant of the Solanaceae family. The chemical structure was inferred by instrumental analyses and confirmed by chemical synthesis. The dried fruit of Lycium barbarum L. contained ca. 0.5% of it, which is comparable to the ascorbic acid content of fresh lemons. It increased the blood ascorbic acid by oral administration to rats, and it was also detected in blood from the portal vein.  相似文献   

Immunolocalization of steroidogenic cells in small follicles of the chicken ovary: Anatomical arrangement and location of steroidogenic cells change during follicular development     

H. Nitta  Y. Osawa  J. M. Bahr 《Domestic animal endocrinology》1991,8(4):587-594

Previous anatomical and histochemical studies suggested that interstitial cells were the only steroidogenic cells in the theca layer of small follicles of the chicken ovary. However, the precise cellular site of steroid production in the small follicles is not certain. Therefore, our goal was to identify steroidogenic cells in small follicles (< 10 mm in diameter) of the chicken ovary which have not entered the follicular hierarchy by localizing steroidogenic enzymes with immunocytochemistry. Polyclonal antisera used were anti-cholesterol side-chain-cleavage cytochrome P450 (P450scc), anti-17-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 (P450c17), and anti-aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) for pregnenolone-, androgen-, and estrogen-producing cells, respectively. Ovaries were collected 2 hr after oviposition and embedded in Paraplast after fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde, 10% formaldehyde, or Bouin's solution. Tissues were sectioned (4–6 μm) and sections were mounted on poly-L-lysine coated slides. Sections were incubated overnight at room temperature with each specific antiserum raised in rabbits against cytochrome P450 steroidogenic enzymes or normal rabbit serum as a control and were immunostained with an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex. Immunoreactivity for the P450 enzymes was absent in the granulosa layer but was present in the theca layer of the small follicles (< 10 mm in diameter). Interstitial cells in the single theca layer of cortical follicles embedded in the ovarian cortex (less than 1 mm in diameter) contained P450scc and P450c17. Cells which contained P450arom, identified as aromatase cells, surrounded the interstitial cells in the theca layer. In small white follicles (approximately 1 mm in diameter), large white follicles (approximately 2–4 mm in diameter), and small yellow follicles (approximately 5–10 mm in diameter) which protruded from the surface of the ovary, the theca layer is divided into the theca interna and the theca externa. P450scc and P450c17 were localized in interstitial cells in the theca interna and externa whereas P450arom was localized in aromatase cells of the theca externa. With follicular development, more interstitial cells staining for P450scc and P450c17 appeared in the theca interna than in the theca externa whereas aromatase cells staining for P450arom were localized only in the theca externa. The distance between interstitial cells and aromatase cells within the theca layer increased as the follicles matured, resulting in a change in the anatomical relationship of steroidogenic cells. Our results of immunolocalization of cytochrome P450 steroidogenic enzymes in developing small follicles suggest that: 1) granulosa cells in small follicles are steroidogenically inactive; 2) steroids are produced in two distinct cell populations in the theca layer of small follicles, namely interstitial cells and aromatase cells; and 3) the anatomical relationship and location of interstitial cells and aromatase cells in the theca layer change with follicular maturation (a two-cell model for steroidogenesis in small follicles during follicular development).  相似文献