Imperfect institutional innovation for irrigation management in Bangladesh     

M. A. S. Mandal 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1987,1(3):239-258

This paper discusses the nature and consequences of institutional innovation being pursued in recent years for the organization and management of minor irrigation in Bangladesh. The comparative analysis presented in this paper suggests that there are no significant variations of performance between the mainstream management institutions, except that tubewells under BRDB-Cooperative groups performed less well than others, nor are there any significant associations between major technical factors and irrigation performance (other than nominal pump capacity). What appears to be more important is that the economic institutions such as payment system for water is strongly associated with productivity and equity performance; sharecropping with water, which has emerged, or been popularized, with the privatization programme, has negative impact on productivity and skews benefits of irrigation towards pump owners and managers. It is concluded that so far imperfectly designed institutions, for example privatization of equipment, appear to have failed to give rise to greater technical and allocative efficiency or equity.Abbreviations BADC Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation - BRDB Bangladesh Rural Development Board - BKB Bangladesh Krishi (Agricultural) Bank - GB Grameen (Rural) Bank - CARE Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere - KSS Farmers' Cooperative Society - IMP Irrigation Management Programme  相似文献   

Underutilized and unexploited fruits of Indo-Burma hot spot,Meghalaya, north-east India: ethno-medicinal evaluation,socio-economic importance and conservation strategies     

T. K. Hazarika  Siljea Marak  D. Mandal  K. Upadhyaya  B. P. Nautiyal  A. C. Shukla 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2016,63(2):289-304

An attempt has been made during 2012–2014 at to enumerate the ethno-medicinal evaluation and socio-economic importance of underutilized and unexploited fruits among the Garo tribe of west Garo hills district, Meghalaya, north-east India. The study was based on extensive field surveys, sample collection and interviews with the traditional healers as well as old aged men and women and survey in rural markets regarding their market demand, price and season of availability. Altogether 66 underutilized and unexploited fruits belonging to 34 families have been enumerated in this paper. The documented fruits were mostly used by the rural people to cure a number of ailments. In addition, these fruits also have socio-economic importance in the rural life of the tribal people like use as constructional timbers, firewood, charcoal, fodder, making dye, yielding oil and a number of value added products. Although, these fruits play an important role in the social and cultural life of Garo people, but these valuable species have been vanishing at very faster rate due to lack of proper documentation. Therefore, the claimed therapeutic values of these species are to be critically studied to establish their safety and effectiveness and both in situ and ex situ conservation measures should be immediately undertaken to safeguard the valuable indigenous rural resources of the world.  相似文献   

Effect of potassium application on the transformation of zinc fractions in soil and on the zinc nutrition of wetland rice     

Biswapati Mandal  P. S. Das Pattanayak  A. Samanta  A. K. Chatterjee 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1996,159(5):413-417

The effect of different levels of K application on the transformation of native as well as applied Zn fractions in a rice-growing soil was studied under two moisture regimes viz. waterlogged and alternate waterlogged and saturation. Application of K caused an increase in the water-soluble plus exchangeable, organically complexed and carbonates, and other acid-soluble mineral fractions of native soil Zn. Application of K also caused an increase in the transformation of applied Zn into all the above three fractions of the element in soil. The above effects of K were more pronounced in soil under waterlogged than under alternate waterlogged and non-waterlogged moisture regimes. The results of a greenhouse experiment showed that K application caused an increase in Zn uptake and per cent utilization of both native and added Zn by rice. This was attributed to the increase in the water-soluble plus exchangeable and organically complexed forms of Zn in soil due to K application.  相似文献   

Effects of Sesbania rostrata and Azolla microphylla incorporation on transformation of applied zinc and copper in lateritic rice soils with different flooding regimes     

B. Mandal  K. Bhattacharya  P. K. Mete  L. N. Mandal 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1997,24(4):394-398

Fixation of Zn and Cu applied to tropical rice-growing lateritic soils rich in Fe-oxides may be reduced if the soils are kept flooded for a few days before their application. There may be a further reduction if such flooding is combined with incorporation of green manures. To investigate this effect, a laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effect of different periods (0 and 15 days) of preflooding combined with (0 and 0.50% of soil weight) Sesbania rostrata and Azolla microphylla incorporation as green manures on the transformation of applied Zn and Cu in two lateritic rice-growing soils. Recovery of added Zn/Cu in DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetate)-extractable form was always found to be higher when they were applied after the soils were maintained in a flooded state for 15 days than when applied immediately after flooding; this effect was more prominent in respect of Cu. Contrary to expectations, green manure incorporation along with preflooding caused a significant decrease in recovery of Zn/Cu; the effect, however, showed a decreasing trend as incubation progressed. The effect was more marked with A. microphylla than with S. rostrata, particularly with Cu. Possible causes of such changes and their implications on the Zn/Cu nutrition of rice are discussed. Received: 7 August 1995  相似文献   

Nutrient Management Effects on Light Interception, Photosynthesis, Growth, Dry-matter Production and Yield of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

K. G. Mandal  A. C. Sinha 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2004,190(2):119-129

A field experiment was conducted on sandy loam acidic soil to study the effect of nutrient managements on light interception, photosynthesis, growth, biomass production and yield of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.]. Plant height, number of branches per plant, number of siliqua per plant, number of seeds per siliquae, 1000‐seed weight, seed and oil yield of Indian mustard improved at 100 % recommended rates of NPK (N‐P‐K at 80‐17.2‐33.2 kg ha^?1) + 10 t ha^?1 farmyard manure (FYM) (T₃) compared with 100 % NPK rate (T₂). It was also at par with 100 % NPK + 10 kg ha^?1 borax + 20 kg ha^?1 ZnSO₄ (T₆) and 50 % NPK + 10 t ha^?1 FYM +10 kg ha^?1 borax + 20 kg ha^?1 ZnSO₄ (T₁₀). The rate of photosynthesis increased due to appropriate nutrient management treatments (T₃, T₆ or T₁₀) with concomitant increase in photosynthetically active radiation, internal CO₂ concentration and rate of transpiration and decrease in stomatal resistance. Consequent upon the higher rate of photosynthesis, dry‐matter accumulation increased. The crop receiving nutrient treatment T₃ or T₆ maintained higher light interception ratio (LIR), leaf area index (LAI), biomass production, crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) that resulted in greater rate of photosynthesis, harvest index and seed yield. Similarly, T₁₀ was equally efficient in registering greater LIR, LAI, CGR, NAR and seed yield of mustard. The average seed yields were 1692, 1683 and 1668 kg ha^?1 in T₃, T₆ and T₁₀, respectively, and these three treatments were significantly superior to T₂ (1332 kg ha^?1), control (723 kg ha^?1) and other treatments. Significantly greater seed oil contents of 41.30, 40.60 and 41.07 % were recorded in T₃, T₆ and T₁₀, respectively. Thus, significant improvement due to appropriate combination of NPK, FYM, borax and ZnSO₄ was observed for uptake of nutrients.  相似文献   

Critical Levels of Boron in Soils for Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea Var. Botrytis)     

Kaushik Batabyal  Biswapati Mandal 《Journal of plant nutrition》2015,38(12):1822-1835

Influence of boron (B) application to cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) was investigated in a pot experiment taking 15 Inceptisols with four levels of B. The critical levels of B for deficiency, adequacy and toxicity in soil and in cauliflower plant were also determined. Hot-calcium chloride (CaCl₂) extractable B in these soils varied from 0.33 to 0.78 mg kg^-1 and its content for deficiency to cauliflower was 0.48 mg kg^-1. Boron application significantly increased cauliflower yield, plant B concentration and uptake of B. The critical plant B concentrations for deficiency, sufficiency and toxicity varied with the growth stages and the values being 26, 31 and 48 mg kg^-1 at 50 days of growth and 17, 24 and 35.5 mg kg^-1 at harvest, respectively. The study also recommends application of fertilizer B at the rate 0.9–4.5 kg ha^-1 for optimum B nutrition to cauliflower in Inceptisols of the Gangetic plains of India.  相似文献   

Correlation studies on oil content and fatty acid profile of some Cruciferous species     

S. Mandal  Sangita Yadav  Ranbir Singh  Gulnaz Begum  Poonam Suneja  M. Singh 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2002,49(6):551-556

Mean individual fatty acid concentration among differentspecies of the family Cruciferae are not similar because of the presence ofdifferent kind of significant relationship among the individual fatty acids.Brassica napus L., Sinapis alba L.,Raphanus caudatus L.f. Raphanus sativusL. and B. nigra (L.) Koch arecomparatively low erucic acid (<40%) containing species. Crambeabyssinica Hochst. ex. R. E. Fries collections gave as high as 60%erucic acid. Low erucic acid concentration was found associated with thepresence of high level of palmitic and oleic acid concentrations. Erucic acidconcentrations were found varied within the range of 42 to 57% among thecollections of Brassica rapa L. and B.carinata A. Braun. All the collections ofB. nigra (L.) Koch were found to havehigher proportion of linoleic acid than the corresponding oleic acidconcentration. Linolenic acid concentrations of B.nigra (L.) Koch was also higher in comparison to otherspecies of the Cruciferae. Raphanus collections were foundto contain higher levels of total saturated fatty acids as well as eicosenoicacid. Oil content of the total collections under present study did not show anysignificant relationship either with linolenic acid or with erucic acidconcentration. But significant positive relationship was observed between totaloil and erucic acid level within the collections of B.juncea Czern. & Coss. Similarly significant negativecorrelation was observed between total oil and linolenic acid content inBrassica rapa L. ssp. trilocularis (Roxb.) Hanelt, yellow sarson.  相似文献   

Gamma ray-induced genetic manipulations in flower colour and shape in Dendranthema grandiflorum and their management through tissue culture     

S. K. Datta    D. Chakrabarty  A. K. A. Mandal 《Plant Breeding》2001,120(1):91-92

Rooted cuttings of Dendranthema grandiflorum cv. ‘Puja’ were treated with different doses of gamma rays. Sectorial somatic mutations both in flower colour and shape were detected in all the doses. The original floret colour of ‘Puja’ is red‐purple and florets are flat spoon shaped. One of the mutant floret colour was yellow‐orange with original flat florets and another mutant floret colour was yellow‐orange with tubular florets. Original and mutated ray florets were cultured on agar‐solidified Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with sucrose and different combinations of 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6‐benzylaminopurine (BAP). Direct shoot organogenesis was seen within 2 weeks of culture initiation. The best regeneration was obtained on medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA. Shoots regenerated from all explant types were rooted in vitro and transferred to the field. Regenerated plants flowered true‐to‐explant floret colour and shape. The isolated yellow floret colour mutants and yellow floret colour mutants with tubular florets were maintained vegetatively and have proved to be true to type in two successive generations.  相似文献   

THE NATURE AND RADIOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF PERIOSTEAL RESPONSE IN THE BOVINE     

URI BARGAI  VMD  AB  DVSc 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1987,28(6):232-235

Seventy-five bovine radiographic examinations with definite periosteal response were analyzed for quality and pattern of new bone formation. Three patterns were recognized — amorphous, lamellar, and spiculated; they appeared singly or in various combinations. The lamellar and amorphous types seemed to be generally bone-related: with lamellar predominantly in the metacarpal and metatarsal bones and amorphous in the phalanges. The spiculated pattern in the bovine does not seem to be related to neoplastic processes. Bovine periosteum responded rapidly and with high magnitude.  相似文献   

Effects of feeding raw or reconstituted high tannin red sorghum on nutrient utilisation and certain welfare parameters of broiler chickens     

Kumar V  Elangovan AV  Mandal AB  Tyagi PK  Bhanja SK  Dash BB 《British poultry science》2007,48(2):198-204

1. A feeding trial was conducted on 360 1-d-old chicks from 0 to 6 weeks of age to assess the effect of processed high tannin red sorghum in the diet of broiler chickens on nutrient utilisation and certain welfare parameters. 2. Each of 9 dietary treatments was allotted to 4 groups (replicates) of chicks in a completely randomised design. The treatments were a maize-soy based standard broiler diet (control, RS(0)) and eight test diets formulated by incorporating either raw red sorghum (RS(25), RS(50), RS(75), RS(100)) or reconstituted red sorghum (RS(25)(R), RS(50)(R), RS(75)(R), RS(100)(R)) replacing 25, 50, 75 or 100% of maize from the control diet. 3. The tannin content was reduced from 23 to 16 g/kg in reconstituted red sorghum. 4. Utilisations of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus retention were similar in all the dietary groups. 5. The cell-mediated immune response measured as footpad index (FPI) value of birds given raw red sorghum was significantly higher than in control and reconstituted red sorghum groups. Similarly, comparatively better humoral response measured as HA titre value was observed in raw red sorghum based groups than in reconstituted ones. 6. Plasma albumin, globulin, protein, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, SGOT, SGPT and uric acid levels did not differ significantly due to dietary treatments. 7. Mild histopathological changes were observed in liver and kidney tissues of birds given raw red sorghum. 8. From the present study, it is concluded that (1) the reconstitution of high tannin red sorghum resulted in about 30% reduction in its tannin concentration; (2) the feeding of reconstituted sorghum based diets to broiler chickens did not exert any appreciable influence on nutrient utilisation, blood biochemicals and enzymes and gross pathological changes; and (3) the birds fed on raw red sorghum exhibited higher immuno-responsiveness in comparison to their reconstituted counterparts.  相似文献