Adoption of variable rate fertiliser application in the Australian grains industry: status, issues and prospects     

M. J. Robertson  R. S. Llewellyn  R. Mandel  R. Lawes  R. G. V. Bramley  L. Swift  N. Metz  C. O’Callaghan 《Precision Agriculture》2012,13(2):181-199

Variable rate application of fertiliser (VR) is a practice underpinning a profitable grains industry in Australia. We updated the extent of VR adoption through a national survey (n = 1 130) covering all grain growing regions. Three smaller regional-based surveys (n = 39–102) collected detailed information on the nature and reasoning behind the use of various forms of the technology. We analysed the constraints to the adoption of each step using adoption theory. Surveys showed that 20% of grain growers have adopted some form of VR (varied from 11–35%), up significantly from <5% found 6 years earlier. Adopters are more than likely to have larger farms with a higher area in cropping. Many non-adopters were convinced of the agronomic and economic benefits of VR. A significant proportion of growers were managing within-field variability with manually-operated systems rather than more sophisticated VR technology, and have adopted some form of VR without yield maps, preferring to use soil tests, electro-magnetic induction or their own knowledge of soil and yield variation to define management. The rate of adoption is expected to continue to rise based on greater awareness of the benefits of the technology. The constraints to adoption were technical issues with equipment and software access to service provision and the incompatibility of equipment with existing farm operations.  相似文献   

How old is the human presence on Cyprus?     

Simmons AH  Mandel RD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5845):1679

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Cancer dissemination     

Mandel HG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1967,158(3803):958-962

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Differential Rotation and Dynamics of the Solar Interior     

MJ Thompson  J Toomre  ER Anderson  HM Antia  G Berthomieu  D Burtonclay  SM Chitre  J Christensen-Dalsgaard  T Corbard  M DeRosa  CR Genovese  DO Gough  DA Haber  JW Harvey  F Hill  R Howe  SG Korzennik  AG Kosovichev  JW Leibacher  FP Pijpers  J Provost  EJ Rhodes  J Schou  T Sekii  PB Stark  PR Wilson 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1996,272(5266):1300-1305

Splitting of the sun's global oscillation frequencies by large-scale flows can be used to investigate how rotation varies with radius and latitude within the solar interior. The nearly uninterrupted observations by the Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) yield oscillation power spectra with high duty cycles and high signal-to-noise ratios. Frequency splittings derived from GONG observations confirm that the variation of rotation rate with latitude seen at the surface carries through much of the convection zone, at the base of which is an adjustment layer leading to latitudinally independent rotation at greater depths. A distinctive shear layer just below the surface is discernible at low to mid-latitudes.  相似文献   

Changes in serum proteins in amphibian metamorphosis     

FRIEDEN E  HERNER AE  FISH L  LEWIS EJ C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1957,126(3273):559-560

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Histological changes to the skin of Merino sheep following deep dermal and subcutaneous injections of sodium lauryl sulfate     

EJ Lee  JT Rothwell 《Australian veterinary journal》2010,88(4):146-150

Objectives To characterise the changes caused to sheep skin by deep dermal and subcutaneous injections of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and describe the subsequent healing process. Procedure On 6 sheep 20 small areas of skin were each given deep dermal and subcutaneous injections of 0.2 mL of 7% SLS. Biopsies were collected at intervals up to 28 days after treatment and the histological changes in each of the treated skin samples were assessed and graded. Results There was no evidence of alterations in behaviour, weight gain or appetite of the sheep following the injections. Initial swelling of the treated site subsided by day 14, leaving a firm, slightly raised crust. At day 21, the treated area was depressed and covered by a scab, which sloughed completely by day 28. There was necrosis of the subcutis and deep dermis 2 min after treatment, followed by inflammation, fibroplasia, angiogenesis and tissue remodelling. Conclusion Injection of SLS caused almost immediate local necrosis followed by eschar formation, sloughing and scarring of treated skin. Deep dermal and subcutaneous SLS is potentially useful as a chemical alternative to mulesing.  相似文献   

Effects of IBA and NAA treatments on rooting Douglas-fir stem cuttings   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Copes  D.L.  Mandel  N.L. 《New Forests》2000,20(3):249-257

The effectiveness of six IBA and fourNAA concentrations, four combinations of IBA and NAAconcentrations, and control were tested for theirability to enhance rooting frequency (%) ofDouglas-fir cuttings. Two IBA and one NAA treatmentswere also compared to the control for quality of rootsystem. Between 1984 and 1998, six independentstudies were conducted in mist or fog environmentswith the same 11 or 14 clones. Auxin concentrationstested ranged from 0 to 123 mM IBA and 0 to 10 mM NAA. Auxin, clone, and auxin by clone effects weresignificant in every study, although individual cloneanalyses showed only two clones to differsignificantly for auxin. All auxin treatments but the10 uM NAA treatment induced significantly greaterrooting percentage than the control, but no singleauxin, auxin concentration or combination of auxinswas clearly superior in every study. The 10 mM NAAconcentration was the only concentration tested thatreduced rooting percentage to less than the control. Both NAA and IBA appeared to have broad ranges ofroot-enhancing activity. However, within theeffective range of IBA evaluated, 24.6 mM produced thegreatest rooting percentage in four of five studiestesting IBA. NAA solutions with concentrationsbetween 2.5 and 7.4 mM NAA generally resulted insimilar rooting success. Rooting responses toincreased IBA and NAA were both nonlinear; rootingdecreased with both too little and too much auxin. Combinations of IBA and NAA in the same solution didnot increase rooting percentage above what wasachieved with one auxin. For root system quality,auxin treated cuttings in one study, had significantlybetter root systems than control, but there was nodifference in the other study in which root qualitywas estimated.  相似文献   

Canine mammary mixed tumours: immunohistochemical expressions of EGFR and HER‐2     

AC Bertagnolli  E Ferreira  EJ Dias  GD Cassali 《Australian veterinary journal》2011,89(8):312-317

Background Benign mixed tumours (BMTs) are frequently found in the mammary glands of female dogs, but the factors determining malignant transformation in these tumours are unknown. Objective To evaluate the expression of the oncoproteins, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER‐2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), in 46 carcinomas in BMTs (CBMTs) and to verify their possible association with the malignancy of the tumours. Methods Immunohistochemical expression was analysed in benign and malignant components separately, and then compared with 74 cases of BMTs. Results Among the CBMTs, positivity for HER‐2 was found in the benign histological component of 4.3% (2/46), in the malignant epithelial non‐invasive component of 14.8% (4/27) and in the malignant invasive epithelial component of 13.6% (6/44) of cases. Two of the 24 (8.3%) BMTs were positive for HER‐2. There was no relationship between HER‐2 and the tumour components. There was no significant difference between BMTs and CBMTs. Positivity for EGFR was found in the benign component of 17.4% (8/46) of the CBMTs, in the malignant epithelial non‐invasive component of 40.7% (11/27%) and in the invasive epithelial malignant component of 45.4% (20/44). EGFR positivity was significantly associated with the invasive component of CBMTs. Conclusion EGFR may contribute to malignant epithelial transformation of BMTs. In contrast, HER‐2 overexpression may not be associated with the acquisition of a malignant epithelial phenotype.  相似文献   

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone precursor: characterization in rat brain   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  

R M Lechan  P Wu  I M Jackson  H Wolf  S Cooperman  G Mandel  R H Goodman 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,231(4734):159-161

To characterize the precursor of mammalian thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), a rat hypothalamic lambda gt11 library was screened with an antiserum directed against a synthetic peptide representing a portion of the rat TRH prohormone. The nucleotide sequence of the immunopositive complementary DNA encoded a protein with a molecular weight of 29,247. This protein contained five copies of the sequence Gln-His-Pro-Gly flanked by paired basic amino acids and could therefore generate five TRH molecules. In addition, potential cleavage sites in the TRH precursor could produce other non-TRH peptides, which may be secreted. In situ hybridization to rat brain sections demonstrated that the pre-proTRH complementary DNA detected neurons concentrated in the parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus, the same location as cells detected by immunohistochemistry. These findings indicate that mammalian TRH arises by posttranslational processing of a larger precursor protein. The ability of the TRH prohormone to generate multiple copies of the bioactive peptide may be an important mechanism in the amplification of hormone production.  相似文献   

Oxygen consumption and cellular ion transport: evidence for adenosine triphosphate to O2 ratio near 6 in intact cell   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

S I Harris  R S Balaban  L J Mandel 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1980,208(4448):1148-1150

Oxygen (O2) consumption and net K+ uptake were measured simultaneously upon reintroduction of K+ into a K+-depleted suspension of renal tubules. The K+/O2 stoichiometries of 11.8 +/- 0.2 and 8.4 +/- 0.6 were obtained for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- and flavoprotein-linked substrates, respectively. These values complement classical K+ to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ATP/O2 stoichiometries, thereby demonstrating a remarkably efficient coupling between the processes of Na+- and K+-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase-mediated ion transport and oxidative phosphorylation within the intact cell.  相似文献