Changes in Cd,Cu, Ni,Pb and Zn Fractionation and Liberation Due to Mussel Shell Amendment on a Mine Soil     

David Fernndez‐Calvio  Lorena Prez‐Armada  Laura Cutillas‐Barreiro  Remigio Paradelo‐Núez  Avelino Núez‐Delgado  María J. Fernndez‐Sanjurjo  Esperanza lvarez‐Rodriguez  Manuel Arias‐Estvez 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2016,27(4):1276-1285

Mining activities are related to relevant environmental pollution issues that should be controlled. We used sequential extractions to fractionate Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn retained on unamended or mussel shell‐amended mine soil samples, all of them treated with a mixture of the five heavy metals (total metal concentration of 1·57 mmol L⁻¹), after 1, 7 and 30 days of incubation. In addition, we used the stirred flow chamber technique to study the release of each of the five heavy metals from these different unamended and shell‐amended soil samples. The results indicate that the shell amendment caused a decrease in the most soluble fraction, while increasing the most recalcitrant (least mobile) fraction. With equivalent implications, the stirred flow chamber experiments showed that mussel shell amendment was associated to a decrease in heavy metal release and increased retention. The highest mussel shell dose and incubation time caused the most relevant changes in pH values and thus in metal retention, also indicating the importance of pH modifications in the mechanism of retention acting in the amended samples. In view of these results, the use of mussel shell amendment can be encouraged to increase heavy metal retention in acid mine soils, in order to minimise risks of environmental pollution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Sunflower mutant containing high levels of palmitic acid in high oleic background     

José M. Fernández-Martínez  Manuel Mancha  Jorge Osorio  Rafael Garcés 《Euphytica》1997,97(1):113-116

A new sunflower mutant, CAS-12, was obtained, which has both high palmitic (≈30%) and high oleic acid contents, and also a substantial amount of palmitoleic acid (≈7%). The mutant was selected after X-ray irradiation of dry seeds of the inbred line BSD-2-423, which had normal palmitic (≈3%) and high oleic (≈88%) acid levels. The increase of palmitic and palmitoleic acids occurred at the expense of the oleic acid content, which decreased to around 55% in respect to the original line. Linoleic acid content is always under 5%. Palmitic and palmitoleic acid levels were similar to those of the high palmitic mutant CAS-5 obtained in a previous programme from a low oleic line isogenic to BSD-2-423 using a similar mutagenic treatment. In that previous programme we also selected three high stearic acid mutants using chemical mutagenic treatment on the same sunflower line (RDF-1-532). We attempted to obtain mutants in other lines but were unsuccessful. The isolation of similar mutants in isogenic parental lines illustrates the importance of the genetic background in the development of specific mutants with an altered seed oil fatty acid composition. The oil of this mutant will increase the range of potential uses of sunflower oil. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Selection for seed yield in Andean intra-gene pool and Andean × Middle American inter-gene pool populations of common bean     

Shree P. Singh  Henry Terán  Carlos German Muñoz  Juan Manuel Osorno 《Euphytica》2002,127(3):437-444

Yields of large-seeded Andean (A) common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars of Chile and Nueva Granada races are 40 to 60% lower compared to their Middle American (M) counterparts of small-seeded Mesoamerica and medium-seeded Durango races. Our objective was to use the concept of congruity backcrossing between Andean x Middle American inter-gene pool [AM 11833 = A 483 (A)///// A 686 (M) //// PVA 800A(A)/// ‘Carioca’ (M)// Carioca (M)/ G 19833 (A)] and between races within Andean gene pool [i.e., intra-gene pool Andean, AA 11834 = A483 (A)//// ‘Cardinal’(A) /// ‘Blanco Español’(A) // BlancoEspañol (A) / ‘Taylor’ (A)] to compare selection for seed yield improvement of large-seeded Andean beans. Seven hundred sixty seven F₂-derived F₃ (F_2:3) families were produced for each population. Visual appraisal for total plant performance, combined with seed yield from non-replicated plots was used for selection of 551 families in F_2:3, 182 families in F_2:4, and 91 families in F_2:5 in each population. Eight hundred twenty three F_5:6 lines were developed from the 91 F_2:5 families in each population. Visual selection, combined with seed yield in non-replicated plots was again used to select 294 lines in F_5:6 in each population. Similarly, 44 highest yielding F_5:7 lines were selected in AM 11833 and 39 F_5:7 lines in AA 11834. Thus, single plant selections were made in the F₂ and F₅, and plants within each plot were harvested in bulk in F₃, F₄, F₆, and F₇. Thirty nine F_5:8 lines from AA 11834 and 44 lines from AM 11833, parents, and checks were evaluated at Popayán and Quilichao, Colombia in 1998 and 1999. Selected lines in both populations, on average, out-yielded the mean of their large-seeded Andean parents. Mean yield of the lines selected from AM 11833 was 50% higher than AA 11834 lines. Twelve F_5:8 lines out-yielded the highest yielding Andean parents G 19833 and A 483 in AM 11833, whereas only one line yielded significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the highest yielding parent A 483 in AA 11834. However, none of selected lines out-yielded small-seeded Middle American parents used in AM 11833 (A 686 and ‘Carioca’). The mean 100 seed-weight of AA 11834 was 36 g compared to 28 G for AM 11833 F_5:8 lines. Selected lines had similar days to maturity as parents in AM 11833, and matured 3 d later in AA11834. Correlation coefficients between yield and 100 seed-weight were negative in both populations. Yield and days to maturity were positively correlated in AA 11834.  相似文献   

Embryogenic response from anther culture of cultivars of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.) from different origins     

Manuel Blasco  María Luisa Badenes  Mª del Mar Naval 《Euphytica》2015,205(2):337-348

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A methodology for evaluating a location as a selection site for an international plant breeding program     

Federico Cuevas-Pérez  María Cristina Amézquita  Manuel J. Rosero 《Euphytica》1989,43(1-2):165-172

Summary A method for comparing locations as selection sites based upon their abilities to predict yield and disease reaction over a target region is proposed. The probability of coincidence in selection for a site is defined as the probability for a line selected at the site to be selected at other sites within the region. The probability of divergence in rejection is defined as that associated with regional selection of a line given that is discarded by the site where selection is being conducted. The ideal selection site would maximize the probability of coincidence in selection and minimize the probability of divergence in rejection. The method is illustrated using a set of data from the rice yield nurseries of the International Rice Testing Program for Latin America planted under the rainfed conditions of Central América and México during the period 1978–1984. Five locations were compared for their predictive ability in selecting for the rainfed rice growing region, based on yield and disease reaction. Selection for yield was defined as performance superior to the best check in each location. Selection for disease reaction was based on an index derived from the Standard Evaluation System for Rice for diseases of regional importance. Locations varies 10–15 percent in their selection coincidence with the region for both yield and disease selection criteria applied independently.  相似文献   

Assessment of the production of antioxidants from winemaking waste solids     

Cruz JM  Domínguez H  Parajó JC 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(18):5612-5620

Winemaking waste solids (WS, resulting from red grapes after fermentation and distillation to recover spirits) were subjected to various processing schemes for isolating fractions with antioxidant activity. The liquors entrapped in WS as received were separated by pressing and freeze-dried to yield a fraction with antioxidant activity (measured as DPPH radical scavenging capacity) comparable to those of synthetic antioxidants. A second approach based on the direct processing of raw WS in sulfuric acid medium under fixed operational conditions and further extraction of hydrolysis liquors with ethyl acetate enabled the isolation of a fraction with higher antioxidant ability at an improved yield. The most favorable approach started with a washing stage leading to liquors (which were directly freeze-dried to yield 1.20 g of extract/100 g of oven-dry WS and presented an EC50 of 0.41 g of extract/L) and washed solids, which were dried and subjected to hydrolytic processing (i) with water as a reactive in an autocatalyzed reaction (autohydrolysis) or (ii) with sulfuric acid solutions to give an ethyl acetate-soluble fraction with improved antioxidant properties (EC50 in the range of 0.18-0.40 g/L). Samples from washing liquors and processing of washed solids in aqueous medium were subjected to chromatographic fractionation and analysis to give isolates with remarkable antioxidant activity (with EC50 as low as 0.07 g/L) and to identify their major components.  相似文献   

Influence of micelles on the basic degradation of carbofuran     

Arias M  García-Río L  Mejuto JC  Rodríguez-Dafonte P  Simal-Gándara J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(18):7172-7178

The effect of micellar aggregates upon the stability of carbofuran in basic media has been studied. The effect of the presence of micelles upon the basic hydrolysis of carbofuran is a function of the nature of the surfactant monomer. Important catalysis of basic hydrolysis of carbofuran in the presence of colloid aggregates with positive surface charge has been reported. On the other hand, the presence of anionic and nonionic surfactants implies a large inhibition of the basic hydrolysis of carbofuran. Both catalysis and inhibition are due to the association of carbofuran with the micellar core. The kinetic constants for the basic hydrolysis of carbofuran in these microheterogeneous media have been obtained on the basis of a micellar pseudophase model. No significant changes in the intrinsic reactivity of HO- against carbofuran have been observed.  相似文献   

Sulfometuron resistance as a genetic marker for yeast populations in wine fermentations     

Ambrona J  Maqueda M  Zamora E  Ramírez M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(19):7438-7443

Winemaking with selected yeasts requires simple and cheap techniques to monitor the yeast population dynamics. We obtained new sulfometuron (smr) resistant mutants, easy to detect by replica-plate assay, from selected wine yeasts. The mutations were dominant and were located at the ilv2 locus that encodes for acetolactate synthase enzyme. The mutants were genetically stable and maintained the killer phenotype of the parent yeast strain. They were genetically improved by elimination of recessive growth-retarding alleles followed by spore clone selection according to the must fermentation kinetics and the organoleptic quality of the wine. Some mutants were tested in industrial winemaking and were easily monitored during must fermentation using a simple plate assay. They accounted for more than 95% of the total yeasts in the must, and the resulting wine had as good a quality as those made with standard commercial wine yeasts.  相似文献   

Off-vine grape drying effect on volatile compounds and aromatic series in must from Pedro Ximénez grape variety   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Franco M  Peinado RA  Medina M  Moreno J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(12):3905-3910

Changes in 36 volatile compounds of must from ripe grapes dried by direct exposure to sun and must from ripe grapes were studied. Compounds not dependent on sampling site in both musts were selected, and their concentration/Brix degree ratio values, were subjected to variance analysis. Only butan-1-ol and isoamyl alcohols showed no differences, while (E)-hex-3-en-1-ol, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol, (E)-hex-2-en-1-ol, (E)-hex-2-enal, hexanoic acid, isobutanol, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, gamma-butyrolactone, gamma-hexalactone, and 5-methylfurfural, showed significant differences between the two must types, which may be ascribed to the drying process. An approach to describe must odor has been carried out by grouping volatile compounds in aromatic series, increasing their values in the fruity, solvent, sweet, and roasted series and diminishing the herbaceous as a consequence of the drying process.  相似文献   

Effects of freeze-thaw stress during soil storage on microbial communities and methidathion degradation     

Manuel Pesaro  Franco Widmer  Gilles NicollierJosef Zeyer 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1049-1061

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