Effects of different positions during transport on physiological and behavioral changes of horses     

Barbara Padalino  Aristide Maggiolino  Marianna Boccaccio  Alessandra Tateo 《Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research》2012,7(3):135-141

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different transport positions on some physiological parameters in racehorses and their behavior patterns during and after the journey. Twelve horses made 3-hour journeys of 200 km on the same route, with the same driver, and in 3 different positions: facing forward, backward, and sideways in relation to the direction of travel. Physiological and behavioral parameters were registered before, during, and after the journey. Horses were checked at 5 different times: at rest (T0), at loading (T1), at unloading (T2), and at 2 (T3) and 4 (T4) hours after return from the journey. At each check, heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were measured and blood samples were collected by jugular vein puncture to assess cortisol, packed cell volume, total protein, albumin, glucose, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphorus, and chlorine. Loading and unloading were filmed. Behavioral patterns were recorded by direct observation, during the travel, 2 and 4 hours after arrival in a new stall. The same parameters were recorded at the same times (excluding loading and unloading) in a control group that did not travel. All data were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis (analysis of variance). Loading produced an increase of heart rate and packed cell volume in comparison with rest values. Horses facing in the direction of travel during journey made fewer forward, backward, and sideways movements than others, whereas horses traveling sideways lost their balance and touched the stall rails less frequently. Highest serum cortisol concentration value was recorded soon after unloading horses that had faced in the direction of travel (P < 0.01). Two hours after return, horses that had traveled sideways revealed an increase of creatine kinase (P < 0.01). The traveling position in the vehicle did not appear to affect postjourney behavior. In comparison with the control group, the horses that had traveled consumed concentrate faster, spent more time eating hay, and drank more frequently in the first 2 hours after return from the journey. Front-facing position led to an increase in serum cortisol concentration, whereas the sideways position caused some muscular tension, which disappeared 4 hours after the journey. Although facing backward was the travel position that provoked the greatest number of horses’ movements, it did not have a negative effect on physiological and behavioral parameters during and after the journey. We concluded that for Standardbred trotters accustomed to travel, the latter may be the less stressful position during a 200-km transport.  相似文献   

Habitat fragmentation reduces genetic diversity and connectivity among toad populations in the Brazilian Atlantic Coastal Forest     

Marianna Dixo  Jean Paul Metzger 《Biological conservation》2009,142(8):1560-1569

Tropical rainforests are becoming increasingly fragmented and understanding the genetic consequences of fragmentation is crucial for conservation of their flora and fauna. We examined populations of the toad Rhinella ornata, a species endemic to Atlantic Coastal Forest in Brazil, and compared genetic diversity among small and medium forest fragments that were either isolated or connected to large forest areas by corridors. Genetic differentiation, as measured by F_ST, was not related to geographic distance among study sites and the size of the fragments did not significantly alter patterns of genetic connectivity. However, population genetic diversity was positively related to fragment size, thus haplotype diversity was lowest in the smallest fragments, likely due to decreases in population sizes. Spatial analyses of genetic discontinuities among groups of populations showed a higher proportion of barriers to gene flow among small and medium fragments than between populations in continuous forest. Our results underscore that even species with relatively high dispersal capacities may, over time, suffer the negative genetic effects of fragmentation, possibly leading to reduced fitness of population and cases of localized extinction.  相似文献   

Determination of 12 type A and B trichothecenes in cereals by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Klötzel M  Gutsche B  Lauber U  Humpf HU 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(23):8904-8910

A new sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of 12 trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenon X, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol, monoacetoxyscirpenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 triol, and T-2 tetraol) by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) is presented. The development of the method and investigations on the matrix influence on the MS signal are described in particular. The matrix effect was thereby minimized by using an internal standard, a special mobile phase, and specific fragmentation parameters. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile/water (84:16, v/v), and the extract was cleaned up with a MycoSep 227 column. Quantification was based on the internal standard de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol. Calibration curves were linear between 16 and 1600 ng/g, and the limits of detection ranged from 0.18 to 5.0 ng/g. The developed method was applied for the determination of trichothecenes in 120 naturally contaminated wheat and oat samples.  相似文献   

Lead Speciation in the Dusts Emitted from Non-Ferrous Metallurgy Processes     

Czaplicka M  Buzek L 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,218(1-4):157-163

The paper presents results for the speciation analysis of lead in dusts derived from dedusting of technological gasses from metallurgical processes of non-ferrous metals with different elementary content, made in accordance with two equal sequential extractions. Analytical procedure A provided possibilities for determination of fraction of Pb(2+), metallic lead and fraction containing mainly lead sulfides. The second procedure (procedure B) was sequential extraction in accordance with Tessier. The results obtained in accordance with procedure A indicate that, regardless of the dust origin, the dominant group of Pb compounds is composed of lead salts which are soluble under alkaline conditions or lead compounds that form plumbites in the reaction with NaOH.  相似文献   

Constraints and challenges of meeting the water requirements of livestock in Ethiopia: cases of Lume and Siraro districts     

Kebede Amenu  André Markemann  Regina Roessler  Marianna Siegmund-Schultze  Girma Abebe  Anne Valle Zárate 《Tropical animal health and production》2013,45(7):1539-1548

Compared to the total water use in livestock production systems, water for livestock drinking is small in amount but is an important requirement for health and productivity of animals. This study was carried out to assess constraints and challenges of meeting drinking water requirements of livestock in rural mixed smallholder crop–livestock farming districts in the Ethiopian Rift Valley area. Data was collected by individual interviews with randomly selected respondents and farmer group discussions. Farmers ranked feed and water scarcity as the two most important constraints for livestock husbandry, although the ranking order differed between districts and villages. Poor quality water was a concern for the communities in proximity to urban settlements or industrial establishments. Water provision for livestock was challenging during the dry season, since alternative water sources dried up or were polluted. Though rainwater harvesting by dugout constructions was practiced to cope with water scarcity, farmers indicated that mismanagement of the harvested water was posing health risks on both livestock and people. A sustainable water provision for livestock in the area, thus, depends on use of different water sources (intermittent or perennial) that should be properly managed. Industrial establishments should adopt an environment-friendly production to minimize pollution of water resources used for livestock consumption. Technical support to farmers is required in proper design and use of existing rainwater harvesting systems. Further investigations are recommended on effect of poor quality water (perceived by farmers) on performance of livestock.  相似文献   

Indirect immunofluorescent assay for antinuclear antibodies on McCoy-Plovdiv serum-free cell line substrate     

Zagorov MY  Draganov MM  Alimanska SA  Staykova ND  Stefanov RS  Trayancheva M  Kuzmanova SI  Murdjeva MA 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2007,30(3):153-162

Indirect immunofluorescent assay for antinuclear antibodies (IIFA-ANA) on HEp-2 cell substrate is a widely used test for diagnosis of connective tissue diseases. Recently, serum-free fibroblast cell line McCoy-Plovdiv has been developed to provide an alternative substrate. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of IIFA-ANA on McCoy-Plovdiv cell substrate for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and compare it with that of the standard HEp-2 cell substrate. Sera from 72 patients with RA and 23 patients with SLE were tested with IIFA-ANA on both substrates. The control group consisted of 100 sera from healthy individuals. The agreement (Cohen's kappa) and the diagnostic performance (ROC analysis) of both methods were evaluated. IIFA-ANA on McCoy-Plovdiv cells proved to be comparable with the standard IIFA-ANA on HEp-2 cell substrate.  相似文献   

First report of Tuta absoluta resistance to diamide insecticides     

Roditakis  Emmanouil  Vasakis  Emmanouil  Grispou  Maria  Stavrakaki  Marianna  Nauen  Ralf  Gravouil  Magali  Bassi  Andrea 《Journal of pest science》2015,88(1):9-16

Journal of Pest Science - The tomato borer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an invasive pest of tomato crops that is rapidly expanding around the world. It is considered a devastating...  相似文献   

Monitoring of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Francisella noatunensis</Emphasis> subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">orientalis</Emphasis> in farmed Nile tilapia (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis niloticus</Emphasis>) in Brazil     

Marianna Vaz Rodrigues  Claire Juliana Francisco  Gianmarco S. David  Reinaldo José da Silva  Maria Fernanda Falcone-Dias  João Pessoa Araújo Júnior 《Aquaculture International》2018,26(1):127-138

Francisella noatunensis orientalis is a bacterium that causes emerging bacteriosis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in many parts of the world, including Brazil. It is a non-motile, Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, facultative intracellular coccobacillus. This species of bacteria is responsible for low to high mortality in fish farms, causing economic losses for fish farmers. This study aimed to detect the presence of F. noatunensis orientalis using qPCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction) and to describe lesions caused by the bacterium in O. niloticus in Brazilian aquaculture. For this purpose, 360 fish from six fish farms (30 per farm) were sampled at two time points (n = 180 per sampling). Necropsies and histopathology were performed for lesion observation, in addition to qPCR and sequencing for detection and identification of Francisella species. Environmental data were collected using a multiparameter sonde YSI EXO2. All measured limnological variables were within the optimum range for cultivation of Nile tilapia. The major lesions present were melanization of the skin, splenomegaly, granulomas, and inflammatory cell responses. The prevalence of francisellosis varied from 0 to 86.66% between time periods and fish farms analyzed, and an outbreak was observed during the second sampling period. This study describes the prevalence of francisellosis in O. niloticus and reports that the lesions found are not exclusively associated with this bacterial disease.  相似文献   

Insecticide resistance in Trialeurodes vaporariorum populations and novel diagnostics for kdr mutations          下载免费PDF全文

Despoina E Kapantaidaki  Eldem Sadikoglou  Dimitra Tsakireli  Vasileios Kampanis  Marianna Stavrakaki  Corinna Schorn  Aris Ilias  Maria Riga  George Tsiamis  Ralf Nauen  George Skavdis  John Vontas  Anastasia Tsagkarakou 《Pest management science》2018,74(1):59-69

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Natural Products from Antarctic Colonial Ascidians of the Genera Aplidium and Synoicum: Variability and Defensive Role     

Laura Nú?ez-Pons  Marianna Carbone  Jennifer Vázquez  Jaime Rodríguez  Rosa María Nieto  María Mercedes Varela  Margherita Gavagnin  Conxita Avila 《Marine drugs》2012,10(8):1741-1764

Ascidians have developed multiple defensive strategies mostly related to physical, nutritional or chemical properties of the tunic. One of such is chemical defense based on secondary metabolites. We analyzed a series of colonial Antarctic ascidians from deep-water collections belonging to the genera Aplidium and Synoicum to evaluate the incidence of organic deterrents and their variability. The ether fractions from 15 samples including specimens of the species A. falklandicum, A. fuegiense, A. meridianum, A. millari and S. adareanum were subjected to feeding assays towards two relevant sympatric predators: the starfish Odontaster validus, and the amphipod Cheirimedon femoratus. All samples revealed repellency. Nonetheless, some colonies concentrated defensive chemicals in internal body-regions rather than in the tunic. Four ascidian-derived meroterpenoids, rossinones B and the three derivatives 2,3-epoxy-rossinone B, 3-epi-rossinone B, 5,6-epoxy-rossinone B, and the indole alkaloids meridianins A–G, along with other minoritary meridianin compounds were isolated from several samples. Some purified metabolites were tested in feeding assays exhibiting potent unpalatabilities, thus revealing their role in predation avoidance. Ascidian extracts and purified compound-fractions were further assessed in antibacterial tests against a marine Antarctic bacterium. Only the meridianins showed inhibition activity, demonstrating a multifunctional defensive role. According to their occurrence in nature and within our colonial specimens, the possible origin of both types of metabolites is discussed.  相似文献