A survey of seasonal temperatures and vineyard altitude influences on 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine, C13-norisoprenoids, and the sensory profile of Brazilian Cabernet Sauvignon wines     

Falcão LD  de Revel G  Perello MC  Moutsiou A  Zanus MC  Bordignon-Luiz MT 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(9):3605-3612

This report has investigated the seasonal temperatures influences (winter and summer) of five vineyards at different altitudes on the concentrations of 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine (MIBP), alpha- and beta-ionone, and beta-damascenone in 2004 or 2005 vintages of Cabernet Sauvignon wines from Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Sensorial analyses were also carried out on the wine samples and compared to altitude and climate. Significant regression was observed between MIBP concentrations and the vineyard's altitude. No significant relation was observed between alpha- and beta-ionone and beta-damascenone with the vineyard's altitude. Principal component analysis positively correlated wines from higher altitudes with a "bell pepper" aroma. Conversely, the wines made with grapes from lower altitudes were correlated with "red fruits" and "jam" aromas. An important relation between the bell pepper aroma and the lower winter temperature was observed. A strong negative correlation was also observed between seasonal temperatures and vineyard altitude as well as between MIBP content and seasonal temperature of growing grapevines.  相似文献   

Periphyton characteristics influence the growth and survival of Holothuria scabra early juveniles in an ocean nursery system     

Minin J. Sinsona  Marie Antonette Juinio‐Meez 《Aquaculture Research》2019,50(9):2655-2665

Floating hapas (fine mesh net enclosures) are a cost‐effective ocean nursery system to culture post‐metamorphic Holothuria scabra to release size. The growth of periphyton biofilm on hapas is a natural food source for early juveniles. This study investigated the effects of periphyton quality (i.e. chlorophyll‐a, phaeopigment, total biomass, autotrophic index or AI), water quality (nutrients, chlorophyll‐a) and environmental parameters (temperature, rainfall) on the temporal variation in the growth and survival of early juvenile (~3 mm) H. scabra reared in floating hapas. Five trials where the juveniles were reared for 60 days each in the eutrophic coastal waters of Bolinao, the Philippines were conducted during different months over 2 years. Significant differences in the growth and survival of juveniles among trials were found. Absolute growth rates (AGR) ranged widely (0.01–0.09 g/day). Trials with high AGR of juveniles (0.07–0.09 g/day) during the first 30 days of rearing had significantly higher chlorophyll‐a (chl‐a) in biofilm (15.9–27.5 mg/m²) and lower AI. Conversely, during the subsequent 30 days, trials with high AGR of juveniles (0.06–0.11 g/day) had significantly lower chl‐a and higher AI. Multivariate analyses showed that chl‐a in biofilm, AI and nutrients in the water column are good indicators of periphyton quality and juvenile growth rates in floating hapas. Further, this study validates the expansion of the feeding mode of juveniles from primarily grazing on microalgae, to feeding on detritus and heterotrophs as they grow. These results are important in optimizing ocean nursery systems.  相似文献   

Chemistry of soil organic matter as related to C : N in Norway spruce forest (Picea abies(L.) Karst.) floors and mineral soils     

Marie‐France Dignac  Ingrid Kgel‐Knabner  Kerstin Michel  Egbert Matzner  Heike Knicker 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2002,165(3):281-289

Due to high nitrogen deposition in central Europe, the C : N ratio of litter and the forest floor has narrowed in the past. This may cause changes in the chemical composition of the soil organic matter. Here we investigate the composition of organic matter in Oh and A horizons of 15 Norway spruce soils with a wide range of C : N ratios. Samples are analyzed with solid‐state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, along with chemolytic analyses of lignin, polysaccharides, and amino acid‐N. The data are investigated for functional relationships between C, N contents and C : N ratios by structural analysis. With increasing N content, the concentration of lignin decreases in the Oh horizons, but increases in the A horizons. A negative effect of N on lignin degradation is observed in the mineral soil, but not in the humus layer. In the A horizons non‐phenolic aromatic C compounds accumulate, especially at low N values. At high N levels, N is preferentially incorporated into the amino acid fraction and only to a smaller extent into the non‐hydrolyzable N fraction. High total N concentrations are associated with a higher relative contribution of organic matter of microbial origin.  相似文献   

Toward a methodology for the implementation of energy saving technologies     

Howland  Marie  House  Peter W.  Bruck  H. W. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1977,7(2):221-224

ERDA (The Energy Research and Development Administration) was given the mandate to perform or cause to be performed the research and development of alternative energy sources and energy conserving technologies and strategies. However, answers to the energy dilemma not only depend upon the proof that a technology or strategies exist but that they reach the end user and actually conserve energy. At the same time there is an indication that R & D projects carried out by or supported by the Federal Government are seldom utilized. This lack of utilization can be partially blamed on a lack of concern and knowledge surrounding the implementation process. To avoid this pitfall in the case of energy research, the study outlined here is a beginning to understanding the implementation process and, specifically, the implementation of energy saving technologies.

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Influence of immunomodulatory agents on bovine humoral and cellular immune responses to parenteral inoculation with bovine rotavirus vaccines   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D Archambault  G Morin  Y Elazhary 《Veterinary microbiology》1988,17(4):323-334

Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC), mycobacterium cell wall extract (MCWE, Regressin), killed Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum, Immunoregulin) and muramyldipeptide (MDP) were each combined with purified, live bovine rotavirus and inoculated into 3 month-old Holstein-Friesian calves in order to examine their ability to potentiate specific humoral and cellular immune responses. The vaccinated calves were boosted twice at 3 and 6 weeks after initial vaccine inoculation. The rotavirus was administered intramuscularly either in an aqueous suspension or in a water-in-oil (WIO) emulsion, prepared with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). DTC and C. parvum were given by the intravenous route, while MCWE and MDP were incorporated directly in the rotavirus suspension. Two groups of calves were also vaccinated either with rotavirus and IFA or with rotavirus emulsified in mineral oil and a mannide oleate compound (MOC, Montanide 888). A control group of calves was given phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution emulsified with IFA. The different vaccine preparations were then compared by studying the kinetics of serum rotavirus-neutralizing antibody production and of proliferative response by blood lymphocytes following in vitro stimulation with bovine rotavirus. The results showed that: (1) the bovine rotavirus should be incorporated in a WIO emulsion in order to induce a cell-mediated immune response as detected by the rotavirus-specific in vitro stimulation test with blood lymphocytes, and to produce higher neutralizing antibody titers in the serum; (2) the vaccines prepared with the mineral oil-MOC complex or IFA both induced comparable levels of humoral and cellular immune responses. The use of mineral oil and MOC as adjuvant may be preferred to IFA, because of the facility of preparing the vaccine and of the low viscosity of the resulting WIO emulsion: (3) the addition of MDP to the WIO emulsion prepared with IFA resulted in a higher cell-mediated immune response as determined by the in vitro blood lymphocyte transformation index specific for bovine rotavirus.  相似文献   

In vitro micrografting of apical and axillary buds of cacao     

Yulien Miguelez-Sierra  Annia Hernández-Rodríguez  Yanelis Acebo-Guerrero  Marie Baucher  Mondher El Jaziri 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2017,92(1):25-30

This study aimed to evaluate in vitro grafting of Theobroma cacao where seedlings of the UF 677 genotype were used as the rootstock and apices or axillary buds of a Trinitarian genotype were used as scion. Three methods of grafting using scions from seedlings were evaluated. Apical grafts using apex and side grafts using apex displayed better graft success (95 and 80%, respectively). However, side grafts using axillary buds reached a greater height on average and a higher number of leaves per plant (1.76 cm and 3.72, respectively). Histological studies revealed new vascular elements at the graft union area. Side grafts with axillary buds provided the highest survival rate (82%) after the acclimatization step. A shoot of at least 1 cm with two leaves is required for plant survival after transfer to ex vitro conditions. Side grafting was carried out with axillary buds from adult trees and nursery plants. Only the grafts with buds from nursery grafted plants were successful, with a rate of 26%. Overall, side grafting with axillary buds is the most appropriate method for cacao micrografting. This method can be used for clonal propagation and for the establishment of in vivo and/or in vitro cacao germplasm collection.  相似文献   

Roach (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rutilus rutilus</Emphasis>) reproductive cycle: a study of biochemical and histological parameters in a low contaminated site     

Perrine Geraudie  Marie Gerbron  Elisabeth Hill  Christophe Minier 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2010,36(3):767-777

Fish reproduction is subjected to worrying trends in many aquatic environments. In this study, we report the absence of histological and biochemical alterations in fish sampled in a low contaminated site (characterised by the absence of detectable oestrogenic activity and mutagenicity in sediment extracts). A total of 474 roach (Rutilus rutilus) were monthly sampled during 18 months, and no intersex fish were recorded after careful histological examination, thus indicating that the incidence of this phenomenon may be very low under natural conditions. Furthermore, mean male plasma vitellogenin concentration was 24 ng ml⁻¹ and was only slightly elevated during the spawning period (up to 120 ng ml⁻¹) indicating that these low values may be characteristic of a low contaminated site. Of the male roach, 45.3% were sampled, a sex-ratio that did not significantly deviated from the expected 1:1 ratio between male and female. Results also showed that natural conditions can greatly affect the reproductive cycle of roach. Gametogenesis showed a biphasic pattern with first gonad maturation between September and December and a final maturation occurring at the end of winter/early spring. Under decreasing temperatures, particularly below 6°C, gametogenesis was stopped or even regressed with secondary oocytes becoming rare under histological observation. Conversely, elevated temperatures during the winter lead to an earlier gonad maturation.  相似文献   

Influence of soil type and water content on release of triticonazole from coated maize seed     

Marie‐Paule Charnay  Christine Verg  Enrique Barriuso 《Pest management science》2000,56(3):249-256

The release of [¹⁴C]triticonazole from coated maize seeds into soil, and its incorporation in maize, were studied under laboratory conditions over seven days in two soils at two different water contents (equivalent to a matrix potential of −3 kPa and −1580 kPa). The behaviour of a commercial coating formulation was compared to that of the same formulation supplemented with a pellicle to improve coated seed handling. Triticonazole released into soil, remaining in the integument and incorporated in different parts of the plant (stem, root, albumen) was measured. The triticonazole released into the soil corresponded to 25% of the initial applied amount on the seed under the best conditions (sandy soil, matrix potential of −3 kPa, set without pellicle). In these conditions, 13% of applied triticonazole was incorporated into roots and stems after seven days. The presence of an additional pellicle to improve the coating decreased the quantity of triticonazole released into soil and consequently the quantity of triticonazole incorporated into the plant. In all cases, the diffusion of triticonazole from the seed to the soil was not limited by the water solubility of triticonazole. Instead, the sorption of triticonazole on soil appears to be the key process governing its fate in soil. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Limited enzymatic treatment of skim milk using chymosin affects the micelle/serum distribution of the heat-induced whey protein/kappa-casein aggregates     

Renan M  Guyomarc'h F  Chatriot M  Gamerre V  Famelart MH 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(16):6736-6745

The effects of heat treatment and limited kappa-casein hydrolysis on the micelle/serum distribution of the heat-induced whey protein/kappa-casein aggregates were investigated as a possible explanation for the gelation properties of combined rennet and acid gels. Reconstituted skim milk was submitted to combinations of 0-67% hydrolysis of the kappa-casein at 5 degrees C and heat treatment at 90 degrees C for 10 min. The protein composition of the ultracentrifugal fractions was obtained by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The aggregates contained in each phase were isolated by size-exclusion chromatography and analyzed by RP-HPLC and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Upon heating only, 20-30% of the total kappa-casein dissociated, while 20-30% of the total whey protein attached to the micelles. When heated milk was renneted, little changes were observed in the distribution and composition of the aggregates. Conversely, the heat treatment of partially renneted milk induced the formation of essentially micelle-bound aggregates. The results were discussed in terms of the preferred interaction between hydrophobic para-kappa-casein and denatured whey proteins.  相似文献   

Caroubin: A Gluten-like Protein Isolated from Carob Bean Germ     

Pierre Feillet  Thrse Marie Roulland 《Cereal Chemistry》1998,75(4):488-492

In 1935, Bienenstock and coworkers claimed the presence of gluten-like material in the germ of the carob seed. The viscoelastic properties of the water-insoluble proteins isolated from carob germ, which we propose to call caroubin, have been confirmed by dynamic (G′ and G″) and static rheological measurements (texture profile analysis, viscoelastogram). Biochemical analyses showed important similarities (high glutamic acid content, size-exclusion HPLC profile, PAGE patterns of reduced and unreduced proteins) as well as large differences (high arginine and low cysteine and proline content of caroubin, carbohydrate composition) between caroubin and wheat gluten. Besides potential new industrial uses of carob seed, caroubin could be a valuable material to help us understand the physicochemical basis of the viscoelastic properties of plant protein complexes like wheat gluten.  相似文献