Evaluation of peripheral lymphocytes after weaning and vaccination for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae     

Kick AR  Tompkins MB  Hammer JM  Routh PA  Almond GW 《Research in veterinary science》2011,91(3):e68-e72

This study evaluated immune cell populations in pigs following weaning and vaccination for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Piglets (n = 24) were weaned (day 0) at 16 (±1) days of age, and randomly assigned to the vaccination group (n = 16) or control group (n = 8). Complete blood cell counts, flow cytometry and serology were completed for blood samples collected on days 0 (within hours of weaning), 3, 7, 14, 30 and 60. The M. hyopneumoniae S:P ratios (sample optical density: positive control optical density) were negative in the vaccination group until days 30 and 60, when the S:P ratios were 1.3 and 1.0, respectively. Control animals remained serologically negative. The percentage of CD4⁺ T cells was less (P < 0.01) in control pigs than vaccinated pigs at day 3. In contrast, numbers of CD8⁺ and CD4⁺CD8⁺ T cells were greater (P < 0.01) in control pigs than in vaccinated pigs at days 3 and 7. After day 7, few differences in immune cell types were evident between the groups. Differences in lymphocyte populations could not be solely attributed to vaccination, due at least in part, to the confounding influence of weaning. It was difficult to distinguish the influence of vaccination from the impact of weaning on peripheral immune cell populations.  相似文献   

The impact of various parameters on the carbon footprint of milk production in New Zealand and Sweden   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Anna Flysjö  Maria HenrikssonChristel Cederberg  Stewart LedgardJan-Eric Englund 《Agricultural Systems》2011,104(6):459-469

The carbon footprint (CF) of milk production was analysed at the farm gate for two contrasting production systems; an outdoor pasture grazing system in New Zealand (NZ) and a mainly indoor housing system with pronounced use of concentrate feed in Sweden (SE). The method used is based on the conceptual framework of lifecycle assessment (LCA), but only for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. National average data were used to model the dairy system in each country. Collection of inventory data and calculations of emissions were harmonised to the greatest extent possible for the two systems. The calculated CF for 1 kg of energy corrected milk (ECM), including related by-products (surplus calves and culled cows), was 1.00 kg carbon dioxide equivalents (CO₂e) for NZ and 1.16 kg CO₂e for SE. Methane from enteric fermentation and nitrous oxide emissions from application of nitrogen (as fertiliser and as excreta dropped directly on the field) were the main contributors to the CF in both countries. The most important parameters to consider when calculating the GHG emissions were dry matter intake (DMI), emission factor (EF) for methane from enteric fermentation, amount of nitrogen applied and EF for direct nitrous oxide emissions from soils. By changing one parameter at a time within ‘reasonable’ limits (i.e. no extreme values assumed), the impact on the total CF was assessed and showed changes of up to 15%. In addition, the uncertainty in CF estimates due to uncertainty in EF for methane from enteric fermentation and nitrous oxide emissions (from soil and due to ammonia volatilisation) were analysed through Monte Carlo simulation. This resulted in an uncertainty distribution corresponding to 0.60-1.52 kg CO₂e kg⁻¹ ECM for NZ and 0.83-1.56 kg CO₂e kg⁻¹ ECM for SE (in the prediction interval 2.5-97.5%). Hence, the variation within the systems based on the main EF is relatively large compared with the difference in CF between the countries.  相似文献   

Effect of tibial tuberosity advancement on the contact mechanics and the alignment of the patellofemoral and femorotibial joints     

Guerrero TG  Pozzi A  Dunbar N  Kipfer N  Haessig M  Beth Horodyski M  Montavon PM 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2011,40(7):839-848

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Experimental infection of a bovine model with human isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis     

Allen AJ  Park KT  Barrington GM  Lahmers KK  Abdellrazeq GS  Rihan HM  Sreevatsan S  Davies C  Hamilton MJ  Davis WC 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2011,141(3-4):258-266

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), the etiologic agent of Johne's disease (JD) in ruminants, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) in humans. We developed a bovine ileal cannulation model to facilitate comparison of the immune response to Map and the mechanisms of pathogenesis in cattle and humans. Initial studies showed a T cannula could be maintained for up to a year in calves without inducing inflammation or adversely affecting intestinal function. Map introduced through the cannula established a persistent low level of infection without inflammation. Infection elicited an immune response to Map antigens detectable by flow cytometry. Further studies now show the cannulation model can be used with cows during the later stage of infection, affording access to the target tissue at all stages of infection. The studies also revealed no difference in infectivity or immunogenicity of isolates of Map obtained from cattle or humans with CD. Comparison of the immune response to Map during the early and late stages of infection using PCR, flow cytometry and QRT-PCR, showed the immune response early in the disease process is dominated by CD4 T cells. A CD8 response is delayed but comparable at later stages of infection. Genes for pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and the recently identified genes encoding IL-17 and IL-22 are up regulated in infected animals. These findings reveal that both human and bovine isolates of Map can establish infection and induce similar immune responses in a bovine model. They also reveal the cytokine responses elicited in cattle are similar to those implicated in CD pathogenesis.  相似文献   

Phospholipid composition of plasma and erythrocyte membranes in animal species by 31P NMR     

Ferlazzo AM  Bruschetta G  Di Pietro P  Medica P  Notti A  Rotondo E 《Veterinary research communications》2011,35(8):521-530

The aim of this study was to provide basal values of phospholipid (PL) composition in different animal species by 31P NMR analysis using detergents. This fast and accurate method allowed a quantitative analysis of PLs without any previous separation. Plasma and erythrocyte membrane PLs were investigated in mammals (pig, cow, horse). Moreover, for the first time, the composition of plasma PLs in avian (chicken and ostrich) was performed by 31P NMR. Significant qualitative and quantitative interspecies differences in plasma PL levels were found. Phosphatidilcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SPH) levels were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in chicken plasma than all the other species tested. In erythrocytes, cow PC and phosphatidylcholine diarachidoyl were significantly lower (P < 0.001) than for pigs and horses, whereas pig PC presented intermediate values among cows and horses. Inorganic phosphate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels were also significantly different between the species under investigation. The [SPH/total PLs] molar ratios in erythrocytes confirmed interspecies differences in phospholipid composition while the PC/SPH molar ratios could be related to a distinct erythrocyte flexibility and aggregability. Diet and nutrition may contribute primarily to the interspecies differences in plasma PL amounts detected. Significant differences between chicken plasma PC and SPH levels and those of the other animal species could be ascribed to a fat metabolism specific to egg production.  相似文献   

Sequence analysis of Toll-like receptor genes 1-10 of goat (Capra hircus)     

Raja A  Vignesh AR  Mary BA  Tirumurugaan KG  Raj GD  Kataria R  Mishra BP  Kumanan K 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2011,140(3-4):252-258

This study involved cloning and sequencing of the coding regions of all 10 Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes of goat. Goat TLR 1-10 gene sequences revealed a high degree of nucleotide identity with sheep and cattle sequences (>90%) and 75-85% with pig, mouse and human sequences. At the amino acid level, 85-99% similarity was observed with sheep and cattle and 60-85% with pig, mouse and human. TLR9c DNA of goat showed the highest amino acid identity to that of sheep (99%) while TLR8 cDNA showed the lowest identity of 88.7% to that of sheep. Variations were seen in the number of leucine rich repeats (LRRs) of goat TLRs as compared to other ruminant species with maximum differences in the TLR3 gene. Phylogenetic analysis through molecular evolution and genetic analysis (MEGA) software and multi dimensional scaling revealed a high degree of conservation of goat TLRs with those from other species. However when the TIR domain of all the TLRs were compared, goat TLR7 TIR alone showed a high divergence of 19.3 as compared to sheep sequences. This is the first report of the full-length cDNA sequences of all the 10 TLR genes of goats which would be a useful tool for the study of evolutionary lineages and for phylogenetic analysis.  相似文献   

T-regulatory cells infected with feline immunodeficiency virus up-regulate programmed death-1 (PD-1)     

Achleitner A  Clark ME  Bienzle D 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2011,143(3-4):307-313

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Immunomodulatory effect of glucan on specific and nonspecific immunity after vaccination in puppies     

Haladová E  Mojžišová J  Smrčo P  Ondrejková A  Vojtek B  Prokeš M  Petrovová E 《Acta veterinaria Hungarica》2011,59(1):77-86

The objective of the study was to determine the immunostimulatory effect of β-(1,3/1,6)-D-glucan in puppies. The effect exerted on the efficacy of vaccination, especially against canine parvovirus and rabies infection, was studied. The application of vaccine and glucan leads to significant increases in the nonspecific immunological parameters (phagocytic ability of leukocytes, blastogenic response of lymphocytes, metabolic and chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear cells). The level of antibodies against canine parvovirus (Ab CPV) and rabies infection reached the most statistically significant values on the 28th day after the application of vaccine and a syrup containing β-(1,3/1,6)-D-glucan (Group GV) as compared to the control group (Group V, puppies receiving only vaccine). Dogs without glucan supplementation did not produce such significant levels of antibodies. We can conclude that glucan has relevant immunostimulatory effects in dogs with altered immunity. The glucan product tested in this study (PleraSAN V, PLEURAN, Bratislava, Slovakia) could be used in the small animal clinical practice.  相似文献   

Peritoneal Dialysis in Veterinary Medicine     

Rachel L. Cooper  Mary Anna Labato 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2011,41(1):91-113

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P2Y12 receptor gene mutation associated with postoperative hemorrhage in a Greater Swiss Mountain dog     

Boudreaux MK  Martin M 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2011,40(2):202-206

A novel hereditary disorder of platelets was identified across 5 generations of a family of Greater Swiss Mountain dogs. The first dog identified with the mutation bled excessively following routine ovariohysterectomy and required multiple transfusions. Coagulation screening assays, platelet counts, and von Willebrand factor antigen activity were within reference intervals. Flow cytometric studies indicated that platelets from the affected dog expressed normal levels of glycoproteins IIb and IIIa and responded to 2 platelet-activating agents, convulxin and platelet-activating factor, but not to ADP. Based on DNA studies, a 3 base-pair deletion predicted to result in elimination of a serine from the extracellular domain was identified in the gene encoding P2Y12, an ADP receptor protein located on platelet membranes. Flow cytometric analysis of platelets and studies of DNA performed concurrently on 2 unrelated Greater Swiss Mountain dogs were unremarkable. The mutation was subsequently identified in the sire, the maternal grand-dam, a maternal great grandparent, a paternal great grandparent, and a great-great grandparent. The sire was homozygous, but had not yet been identified as having a hemostatic disorder; the other 4 dogs were carriers. This is the first report of a mutation in the gene encoding the ADP receptor P2Y12 in a domestic animal. P2Y12 is the same receptor targeted by ticlopidine and clopidogrel, platelet inhibitors used in lieu of aspirin in people at risk for cardiovascular disease; thus, spontaneous bleeding is not expected unless there are other contributing factors. This disorder is particularly troublesome because spontaneous hemorrhage is absent to mild in affected dogs; however, following routine surgical procedures or trauma, excessive bleeding could occur and have possible fatal consequences.  相似文献