Changes in the concentration of noradrenaline and adrenaline before and after castration of piglets with and without isoflurane anesthesia     

Schulz C  Ritzmann M  Palzer A  Otten W  Heinritzi K 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2007,114(12):454-459

Since the amendment of the animal welfare law in Germany in April 2006, castration of piglets without anesthesia is only allowed in the first seven days of life. However, neonates are capable of feeling pain and react more sensitive to pain than adults. Accordingly we expect that castration without anesthesia will be unaccepted in Germany in the future as castration without anesthesia will be forbidden in Switzerland from 2009 on. Denmark and The Netherlands strive for an embargo of the castration without anesthesia and Norway is already asking for an elimination of pain during castration. In Switzerland castration under isoflurane-anesthesia is considered to be a good alternative for the castration without anesthesia. Whether isoflurane-anesthesia is able to reduce stress caused by castration adequately or anesthesia, especially anesthetization that often provokes defensive reaction, is stress for the animal itself was tested in the following investigation. To get an objective statement about the stress of the animals, concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine were detected before and immediately after castration/fixation with or without anesthesia. Five day old, healthy animals were divided into four groups. Animals of group A (n = 10) were only fixed without anesthesia, animals of group B (n = 10) were fixed and castrated without anesthesia. In group C (n = 10) the animals were only fixed under anesthesia and the animals of group D (n = 11) were fixed and castrated under anesthesia. Norepinephrine-concentrations and epinephrine-concentrations did rise significantly in all piglets handled without anesthesia (group A and B) independently if castrated or only handled. The values of these animals were significantly higher than the values of the anesthetized animals after fixation/castration (group C and D). In contrast the norepinephrine-concentrations and the epinephrine-concentrations of all anesthetized animals (group C and D) were significantly lower after castration than the concentrations before castration. The catecholamine peak did not differ significantly between the groups of anesthetized animals. The significant increase of the catecholamines of the non-anesthetized animals can be explained by the stress caused by fixation and/or castration without anesthesia. Because of the anesthesia the catecholamine-concentration was reduced considerably during the fixation and/or castration. The results show that fixation and/or castration under anesthesia causes no stress for the piglets.  相似文献   

CD27 expression discriminates porcine T helper cells with functionally distinct properties     

Katharina Reutner  Judith Leitner  Andrea Müllebner  Andrea Ladinig  Sabine E Essler  J Catharina Duvigneau  Mathias Ritzmann  Peter Steinberger  Armin Saalmüller  Wilhelm Gerner 《Veterinary research》2013,44(1):18

Differentiation of porcine T helper cells is still poorly investigated, partly due to a lack of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for molecules involved in this process. Recently, we identified a mAb specific for porcine CD27 and showed that CD27 is expressed by all naïve CD8α^- T helper cells but divides CD8α⁺ T helper cells into a CD27⁺ and a CD27^- subset. In the present study, detailed phenotypical and functional analyses of these T-helper cell subpopulations were performed. Naïve CD8α^-CD27⁺ T helper cells predominantly resided in various lymph nodes, whereas higher proportions of CD8α⁺CD27⁺ and CD8α⁺CD27^- T helper cells were found in blood, spleen and liver. Both CD8α⁺CD27⁺ and CD8α⁺CD27^- T helper cells were capable of producing IFN-γ upon in vitro polyclonal stimulation and antigen-specific restimulation. Experiments with sorted CD8α^-CD27⁺, CD8α⁺CD27⁺ and CD8α⁺CD27^- T-helper cell subsets following polyclonal stimulation revealed the lowest proliferative response but the highest ability for IFN-γ and TNF-α production in the CD8α⁺CD27^- subset. Therefore, these cells resembled terminally differentiated effector memory cells as described in human. This was supported by analyses of CCR7 and CD62L expression. CD8α⁺CD27^- T helper cells were mostly CCR7^- and had considerably reduced CD62L mRNA levels. In contrast, expression of both homing-receptors was increased on CD8α⁺CD27⁺ T helper cells, which also had a proliferation rate similar to naïve CD8α^-CD27⁺ T helper cells and showed intermediate levels of cytokine production. Therefore, similar to human, CD8α⁺CD27⁺ T helper cells displayed a phenotype and functional properties of central memory cells.  相似文献   

Structural and sensory characterization of key pungent and tingling compounds from black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)     

Dawid C  Henze A  Frank O  Glabasnia A  Rupp M  Büning K  Orlikowski D  Bader M  Hofmann T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(11):2884-2895

To gain a more comprehensive knowledge on whether, besides the well-known piperine, other compounds are responsible for the pungent and tingling oral impression imparted by black pepper, an ethanol extract prepared from black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) was screened for its key sensory-active nonvolatiles by application of taste dilution analysis (TDA). Purification of the compounds perceived with the highest sensory impact, followed by LC-MS and 1D/2D NMR experiments as well as synthesis, led to the structure determination of 25 key pungent and tingling phytochemicals, among which the eight amides 1-(octadeca-2E,4E,13Z-trienyl)piperidine, 1-(octadeca-2E,4E,13Z-trienyl)pyrrolidine, (2E,4E,13Z)-N-isobutyl-octadeca-2,4,13-trienamide, 1-(octadeca-2E,4E,12Z-trienoyl)-pyrrolidine, 1-(eicosa-2E,4E,15Z-trienyl)piperidine, 1-(eicosa-2E,4E,15Z-trienyl)pyrrolidine, (2E,4E,15Z)-N-isobutyl-eicosa-2,4,15-trienamide, and 1-(eicosa-2E,4E,14Z-trienoyl)-pyrrolidine were not yet reported in literature. Sensory studies by means of a modified half-tongue test revealed recognition thresholds ranging from 3.0 to 1150.2 nmol/cm2 for pungency and from 520.6 to 2162.1 nmol/cm2 for the tingling orosensation depending on their chemical structure.  相似文献   

Brucellosis due to Brucella suis in a swine herd associated with a human clinical case in the State of S?o Paulo, Brazil     

Meirelles-Bartoli RB  Mathias LA  Samartino LE 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(7):1575-1579

Brucella suis has been recognized as the major etiological agent of human brucellosis in areas free from Brucella melitensis infection. However, with changes in swine management, the occurrence of swine brucellosis has decreased as has the human incidence of B. suis infection. A swine brucellosis outbreak within a herd from Jaboticabal (S?o Paulo, Brazil) was detected in July 2006. The herd comprised approximately 300 sows and 1,500 finishing animals. Many sows within this herd experienced abortions, while others exhibited vaginal discharge; three sows suffered posterior paralysis. Among 271 sows, 254 (93.7%) tested positive for brucellosis by complement fixation, and among 62 randomly bled finishing animals, 17 (27.4%) also tested positive. The B. suis biovar 1 was cultured from 14 aborted fetuses and six sows. Brucella was identified using routine methods. Fourteen farm workers were tested using agglutination tests, with three workers showing evidence of Brucella antibody titers. A 39-year-old woman, who worked with maternal pigs and had direct contact with aborted fetuses, presented an agglutinating titer of 480?IU/mL and displayed clinical signs of infection. Our findings suggest that despite a reduction of swine brucellosis throughout Brazil, B. suis infection still occurs, thereby posing a zoonotic risk.  相似文献   

Phylogeny of five predominant pospiviroid species in Belgium     

Noémi Van Bogaert  Guy Smagghe  Martine Maes  Mathias De Backer  Kris De Jonghe 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2017,149(1):25-33

In Belgium pospiviroids are routinely detected in various hosts. The most frequently found pospiviroids are: Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd), Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd) and Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd). Apart from the high incidence of pospiviroids in latently-infected ornamentals, viroids have also been found in plants where they cause disease: PSTVd and TCDVd in tomatoes and CSVd in chrysanthemum. In order to gain more epidemiological data on these infections, this study has conducted phylogenetic analyses of Belgian isolates for each of these five pospiviroid species. PSTVd and CEVd-isolates show a clustering depending on host plant identity. This was not observed for TCDVd and TASVd. A very high degree of sequence similarity was noticeable for CSVd-isolates from various hosts. During the past decade, PSTVd and CSVd-infected mother plants have been systematically eradicated in Belgium after positive detection results, also when found in symptomless plants, leading to a decreased trend of these quarantine pests in the past few years. However, other non-quarantine pospiviroid species are still ubiquitously present in many ornamentals. Since these pospiviroids can be equally harmful to crops as the two quarantine pests PSTVd and CSVd, there is still a risk that transmission occurs from symptomless-infected ornamental plants to economically important crops in Belgium such as tomato, pepper and chrysanthemum.  相似文献   

Recovery and germination of Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC seeds after ingestion by goats and cattle     

Miguel Alvarez  Paul Leparmarai  Gereon Heller  Mathias Becker 《Arid Land Research and Management》2017,31(1):71-80

Prosopis juliflora is a perennial shrub introduced in the 1980s to the Baringo District in central Kenya, and became highly invasive starting around the late 1990s. This period coincides with a shift of the composition of ruminant herds from formerly cattle to goats in this area. To assess the possible role of this shift in herd structure on P. juliflora spread, we conducted feeding trials and germination tests to determine the capacity of seeds to survive the passage through the intestinal tract of goats and cattle, comparing germination with chemically scarified and untreated seeds. Recovery of seeds eight days after ingestion was lower from goats (7%) than from cattle (15%) dung. Germination dynamics were similar for seeds that had been manually extracted from pods with those recovered after intestinal passage. Chemically scarified seeds germinated fastest and reached a germination rate of 100% within five days. While no apparent scarification effect was observed, the main contribution of endozoochorous dispersal of Prosopis seeds is their release from the enclosing pod segments, their dispersal away from the mother plant and possibly the provision of nutrients by the dung for their establishment and initial growth.  相似文献   

Protein adsorption on and swelling of polyelectrolyte brushes: A simultaneous ellipsometry-quartz crystal microbalance study     

Bittrich E  Rodenhausen KB  Eichhorn KJ  Hofmann T  Schubert M  Stamm M  Uhlmann P 《Biointerphases》2010,5(4):159-167

With a coupled spectroscopic ellipsometry-quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) experimental setup, quantitative information can be obtained about the amount of buffer components (water molecules and ions) coupled to a poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) brush surface in swelling and protein adsorption processes. PAA Guiselin brushes with more than one anchoring point per single polymer chain were prepared. For the swollen brushes a high amount of buffer was found to be coupled to the brush-solution interface in addition to the content of buffer inside the brush layer. Upon adsorption of bovine serum albumin the further incorporation of buffer molecules into the protein-brush layer was monitored at overall electrostatic attractive conditions [below the protein isolectric poimt (IEP)] and electrostatic repulsive conditions (above the protein IEP), and the shear viscosity of the combined polymer-protein layer was evaluated from QCM-D data. For adsorption at the "wrong side" of the IEP an incorporation of excess buffer molecules was observed, indicating an adjustment of charges in the combined polymer-protein layer. Desorption of protein at pH 7.6 led to a very high stretching of the polymer-protein layer with additional incorporation of high amounts of buffer, reflecting the increase of negative charges on the protein molecules at this elevated pH.  相似文献   

Measurement of platelet aggregation in ovine blood using a new impedance aggregometer     

Andrea Baumgarten  Mathias Wilhelmi  Kerstin Kalbantner  Martin Ganter  Reinhard Mischke 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2010,39(2):149-156

Background: Whole blood platelet aggregometry (impedance) is an important method to investigate platelet function disorders. Examination of hemostatic function in sheep is important with respect to their role as an animal model of human disease. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate and optimize selected methodological aspects (anticoagulant, agonist concentration) of impedance aggregometry in ovine blood using the new Multiplate 5.0 analyzer. Methods: Blood samples were collected in hirudin anticoagulant from 40 clinically healthy sheep. Samples from selected sheep were collected in citrate, with or without the addition of calcium chloride. The agonists adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, ristocetin, arachidonic acid, and thrombin receptor‐activating peptide (TRAP) were added in several concentrations to induce aggregation. Results: Based on maximum aggregation values and internal precision, no significant difference was found between ADP concentrations of 3–10 μmol/L and collagen concentrations of 3–5 μg/mL (P>.05). The lowest interindividual variation of approximately 3–4‐fold was seen with 4 and 5 μmol/L ADP and 4 and 5 μg/mL collagen. Ristocetin, arachidonic acid, and TRAP did not induce significant aggregation at any concentration. Aggregation results were significantly lower when measured in citrate‐ vs hirudin‐anticoagulated blood, regardless of the presence of calcium chloride. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the multiplate impedance aggregometer is suitable for the measurement of platelet aggregation in sheep using optimal agonist concentrations of 4–5 μmol/L ADP and 4–5 μg/mL collagen. Hirudin‐anticoagulated blood is the preferred sample material.  相似文献   

Bovine herpesvirus 5 BICP0 complements the bovine herpesvirus 1 homolog     

Florian Steiner  Anita ZumstegBernd Vogt  Mathias AckermannMartin Schwyzer 《Veterinary microbiology》2010

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and BoHV-5 are closely related (82% amino acid identity) but differ strongly in neuropathogenesis. The immediate-early gene for BICP0 is less conserved (70% amino acid identity) and may contribute to a dissimilar phenotype. A peculiar difference is a guanosine hexamer in the BICP0-1 gene which aligns with only five guanosines in the BICP0-5 gene and therefore results in a frameshift in the latter open reading frame. Thus, the C-terminal amino acid sequence (residues 643–676 of BICP0-1 vs. 655–720 of BICP0-5) is completely different. We introduced the BICP0-5 frameshift into the BoHV-1 genome cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BoHV-1 BAC) using the Red recombination system with galK selection and counterselection. Transfection of MDBK cells with the resulting BAC produced recombinant virus that replicated like wild type BoHV-1 in vitro. Attempts to exchange the entire BICP0-1 gene by the BoHV-5 homolog using the same approach failed repeatedly. Therefore, we cotransfected purified BICP0⁻/galK⁺-BoHV-1 BAC DNA with a recombination plasmid coding for BICP0-5 with or without a HA tag into MDBK cells. BoHV-1 recombinants expressing the respective proteins were characterized. In vitro, all recombinants grew to similar titers as the parental viruses, which demonstrates that BICP0-5 compensates for the growth defect of BICP0⁻/galK⁺-BoHV-1 and functionally complements BICP0-1 of BoHV-1. We conclude that BICP0 may be suitable to positively select BoHV-1 recombinants with deletions or insertions of additional genes of interest.  相似文献   

Type-specific reference conditions of fluvial landscapes: A search in the past by 3D-reconstruction     

Severin Hohensinner  Mathew Herrnegger  Alfred P. Blaschke  Christine Habereder  Gertrud Haidvogl  Thomas Hein  Mathias Jungwirth  Michael Weiβ 《CATENA》2008

River/floodplain restoration programs are often based on type-specific reference conditions of the respective river section. Most large rivers in the industrialized world are heavily degraded and lack near-natural reference sites. For that reason, historical analyses of the pre-channelization state have been used to define adequate restoration targets at the Austrian Danube section in the Alluvial Zone National Park downstream from Vienna. This study compares new reference data derived from 3D-reconstructions in the form of digital terrain models from two historical Danube river landscapes: the Machland floodplain in 1812 and the former floodplain in Vienna in 1849. The focus is on the original hydrological surface and subsurface connectivity of the river-floodplain systems related to different flow situations. Here, we use water cover, shorelines, depth of the groundwater table and inundation depth as surrogates for measuring connectivity. The results show that the two study sites naturally constituted extreme formations of the Austrian anabranching Danube sections. The Machland section was one of the narrowest floodplains but highly dynamic, and the Vienna/Lobau section was one of the broadest, whereby only the central part close to the main channel originally showed high morphological turnover. The analyses of hydrological surface connectivity relative to total floodplain extension reveal significant differences due to their basic geological and geographical conditions. Despite these basic differences, both study sites – in absolute numbers – showed similar extensions of the water bodies at low and mean flow. The depths of the groundwater table related to mean flow were also comparable. Prior to channelization, the groundwater conditions in both floodplains favored the formation of wet to moist alluvial forest communities.  相似文献