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Seiffert ER Simons EL Clyde WC Rossie JB Attia Y Bown TM Chatrath P Mathison ME 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5746):300-304
Early anthropoid evolution in Afro-Arabia is poorly documented, with only a few isolated teeth known from before approximately 35 million years ago. Here we describe craniodental remains of the primitive anthropoid Biretia from approximately 37-million-year-old rocks in Egypt. Biretia is unique among early anthropoids in exhibiting evidence for nocturnality, but derived dental features shared with younger parapithecids draw this genus, and possibly >45-million-year-old Algeripithecus, into a morphologically and behaviorally diverse parapithecoid clade of great antiquity. 相似文献
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G Nugent EJ Whitford JC Hunnam PR Wilson ML Cross GW de Lisle 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(6):293-298
Abstract AIM: To determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) infection in wildlife, in pastoral landscapes with a recent history of clinical Johne's disease in livestock. METHODS: A total of 449 wild mammals and birds from three farms in the South Island of New Zealand with recent histories of clinical Johne's disease in their deer herds were trapped and examined for gross pathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, individual mesenteric lymph nodes from 380 mammals, and segments of gastrointestinal tract from 32 birds were excised, homogenised and cultured for viable Map bacilli. The prevalence of Map infection was then calculated for the various species. Faecal samples from those mammals which had culture-positive tissues were further cultured for the presence of Map. RESULTS: Gross pathological changes were identified in the gastrointestinal tract of four brushtail possums, one cat, six ferrets, 12 hares, six hedgehogs, three rabbits, one stoat, and one paradise shelduck. Infection with Map in the gastrointestinal tract was confirmed in only three of these cases, one each of brushtail possums, hares and hedgehogs. In contrast, Map infection in the absence of gross pathological changes was frequently recorded in enteric tract tissues of mammals and birds. Among mammals, Map infection was recorded in 18/73 (25%) brushtail possums, 4/23 (17%) cats, 15/42 (36%) hedgehogs and 29/113 (26%) rabbits. Among birds, intestinal tract tissue Map infection was recorded in 3/17 (18%) paradise shelducks. Among 64 of the 74 mammals which had Map culture-positive tissues, 38% (n=5) of hedgehogs and 11% (n=3) of rabbits also had culture-positive faecal samples. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to identify that Map infection can be prevalent in wildlife in New Zealand. There was a high prevalence of Map infection among both scavenging and grazing wild animals. Both mammals and birds are capable of harbouring viable Map organisms in their gastrointestinal tract; further, viable Map was excreted into the environment via faeces by hedgehogs and rabbits. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Previous studies overseas have postulated a role of wildlife as reservoirs of Map infection and possible vectors of Johne's disease to livestock. Here, brushtail possums, hedgehogs and rabbits and in particular were identified as potential wildlife hosts for Map infection in NewZealand. This suggests that several wildlife species could contribute to the persistence of Map infection within a wildlife/livestock complex, and potentially, perhaps more importantly, to the spread of infection between farms. 相似文献
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AIM: To determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) that did not have macroscopic lesions of bovine tuberculosis, and to evaluate culture of pooled tissues from multiple possums as a method for determining the M. bovis-infection status of wildlife populations in New Zealand. METHODS: Pools of selected tissues were collected from possums from four different populations known to be infected with M. bovis. Tissue pools from individual animals, and combined pools from multiple animals, were cultured for M. bovis. RESULTS: In the four populations investigated, the prevalence of possums with macroscopic lesions confirmed by culture to be infected with M. bovis ranged from 1 to 19 (mean 31/283; 10.9)%. The prevalence of possums with non-visible lesions that were culture positive for M. bovis in the same populations ranged from 4 to 10 (mean 24/283; 8.5)%. The mean of the log10 cfu of M. bovis of the macroscopic lesions and of the culture-positive samples that did not have visible lesions was 3.85 (SE 0.26) and 1.46 (SE 0.26) log10 cfu, respectively (p<0.01). Mycobacterium bovis was cultured from pools of 30–50 animals in the four populations studied. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of M. bovis infection in possums with non-visible lesions identified a potential deficiency of declaring possum populations free of M. bovis on the basis of absence of macroscopic lesions. The culturing of pools of selected tissues from multiple animals without visible lesions can be used to reduce laboratory costs of possum surveys without a major reduction in the ability to detect M. bovis infection. 相似文献
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Five proprietary and one experimental dressing were compared with no treatment in their ability to aid healing of mulesing wounds in over 1900 young lambs. Healing was judged as the completeness of shrinkage of the mulesing cuts and the condition of scabs on the new skin surface. When assessed at 21 d it was found that treatment with Heriots Crown Wound Powder or Coopers Mulesing Powder offered a significant advantage over leaving the wounds untreated. Neither aqueous organophosphate washes, Defiance nor Defiance containing 0.08% chlorfenvinphos offered any healing advantage over controls. However, washing the wounds with an aqueous organophosphate solution aided healing more than the Defiance-based dressings. It was considered that the powders or the washes encouraged quick scab formation either by creating a dry covering (powders) or by washing away blood and allowing fast drying of the wound. The Defiance-type dressings slowed healing by keeping the wound moist for up to 10 d, but healing was not significantly different to the untreated group by 21 d. 相似文献
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Effects of changes in frequency of reticular contractions on fluid and particulate passage rates in cattle 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Four ruminally cannulated Hereford steers (531 +/- 32 kg) without weights (control; C) or with 24-kg weights (W) in the rumen were used in a double crossover design experiment to determine the effects of changes in frequency of reticular contractions at maintenance feed intakes on passage rates of particulate matter and fluid from the rumen. Duration of reticular contractions, apparent digestibilities and heat and methane productions were also determined. Weights in the rumen had no effect (P = .07) on frequency of reticular contractions before feeding; however, frequencies of reticular contractions were higher in C than in W steers during feeding (P = .03) and after feeding (P = .05). Weights in the rumen increased the average duration of contractions before feeding (P = .04), during feeding (P = .01) and after feeding (P = .05) by 12, 15 and 15%, respectively. Fractional outflow rates of ruminal and whole gastrointestinal particulate matter were 38% and 49% lower (P = .001) in C than in W steers, respectively. Weights in the rumen reduced (P = .001) methane production (liters/d) by 29%. Methane production was inversely correlated with fractional outflow rate for ruminal particulate matter (r = -.53; P = .034). Heat productions for W and C steers were 12.3 and 12.6 Mcal/d, respectively. Weights in the rumen had no effect on apparent digestibility. Duration of reticular contractions, in contrast to frequency of contractions, was the important factor influencing passage rates of both ruminal fluid and particulate matter. Methane production was decreased when passage rates were increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
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CASE HISTORY: A 14-year-old neutered male Sealyham terrier was referred for assessment of a persistent pyoderma. It had experienced numerous episodes of dermatitis involving pododermatitis, pyoderma and otitis over the previous 6 years.
CLINICAL FINDINGS: Superficial, focally deep and mucocutaneous pyoderma were present, with yellow mucoid exudate on both nares and the lower lips crusted with haemopurulent exudate. Epidermal collarettes were present on the dorsal and lateral trunk. There were peri-anal crusts and mild erythema was present on the concave aspect of both pinnae.
MICROBIOLOGICAL FINDINGS: Culture and microbiological testing identified Staphylococcus pseudintermedius as the infecting organism. Kirby-Bauer disc susceptibility testing revealed the isolate was resistant to numerous antimicrobials including oxacillin. PCR testing of the isolate identified the presence of the mecA gene which confers resistance to β-lactam antimicrobials. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis typing suggested the isolate was not related to the methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius that had been reported to be associated with canine infections in Western Australia.
DIAGNOSIS: Superficial, deep and mucus membrane pyoderma associated with a multi-drug resistant S. pseudintermedius.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This is the first recorded case of canine pyoderma involving methicillin-resistant multidrug-resistant S. pseudintermedius in New Zealand. Treatment of such cases is difficult because the number of effective and available antimicrobials is limited. This finding should raise the awareness of the veterinary and medical professions to the presence of such organisms in New Zealand and stimulate a discussion about possible biosecurity barriers, treatment strategies and prevention of zoonotic and nosocomial infections. 相似文献
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