Rice transformation with cell wall degrading enzyme genes from Trichoderma atroviride and its effect on plant growth and resistance to fungal pathogens          下载免费PDF全文

Liu Mei　 Sun Zong-Xiu　 Zhu Jie　 Xu Tong　 Gary E Harman　 Matteo Lorito　 Sheri Woo 《浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)》2004,30(4):447-447

Three genes encoding for fungal cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE), ech42, nag70 and gluc78 from the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma atroviride were inserted into the binary vector pCAMBIA1305.2 singly and in all possible combinations. The coding sequences were placed downstream of the rice actin promoter and all vectors were used to transform rice plants. A total of more than 1,800 independently regenerated plantlets in seven different populations (for each of the three genes and each…  相似文献   

Novel understanding of Trichoderma interaction mechanisms   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Matteo Lorito 《浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)》2004,30(4):387-387

Trichoderma- based biofungicides are a reality in commercial agriculture, with more than 50 formulations registered worldwide as biopesticides or biofertilizers. Several research strategies have been applied to identify the main genes and compounds involved in the complex, three-way interactions between fungal antagonists, plants and microbial pathogens. Proteome and genome analyses have greatly enhanced our ability to conduct targeted and genome-based functional studies. We have obtained repr…  相似文献   

Will all the trees fall? Variable resistance to an introduced forest disease in a highly susceptible host     

Katherine J. Hayden  Richard S. Dodd Matteo Garbelotto 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(11):1781-1791

Although tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus syn. Lithocarpus densiflorus) is the species most affected by the introduced pathogen Phytophthora ramorum, with demonstrable risk of extirpation, little is known about the origin, range or structuring of the tree's susceptibility. We examined variation in resistance to P. ramorum using a wound inoculation assay of detached leaves from trees at five geographically separated sites, and a non-wound inoculation assay on twigs from trees at two sites. The structure of variation in resistance was compared to the structure at nine nuclear microsatellite markers.Resistance varied quantitatively, with 23% and 12% of the variation among individuals and populations, respectively. There was a significant correlation between resistance in detached leaves and lesion size in non-wounding twig inoculations. Among-population genetic diversity at nine microsatellite loci was weakly structured but significantly non-zero, with 9.5% of variation among populations. Within-population neutral genetic diversity was a poor predictor of resistance, and estimates of phenotypic distances for resistance were no greater than neutral genetic distances.The limited phenotypic and genetic structure we found indicates that tanoaks at all study sites are susceptible, and there is no evidence of prior selection for disease resistance. We conclude that tanoak populations across the species’ range are at risk, but local disease dynamics will depend on both host genetics and environmental conditions.  相似文献   

Hydrologic controls on water chemistry, vegetation and ecological patterns in two mires in the South-Eastern Alps (Italy)     

Renato Gerdol  Alessandro Pontin  Marcello Tomaselli  Laura Bombonato  Lisa Brancaleoni  Matteo Gualmini  Alessandro Petraglia  Chiara Siffi  Alessandro Gargini 《CATENA》2011,86(2):86-97

We examined how hydrology influenced water chemistry, vegetation, nutrient status, aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and litter decomposition rates in two mires on the South-Eastern Alps of Italy. One of the mires had a modest hydraulic gradient and prevalently acted as a recharge system, although there were short phases of vertical flow reversal during dry periods. This mire was, therefore, prevalently fed by rainwater and was covered by bog-like vegetation, mainly hummocks and scrubs with a ground layer rich in Sphagnum mosses. The other mire presented a steeper hydraulic gradient, with the surface being fed by mineral water either by surface runoff or by vertical, upwards directed ground water flow. Compared to the bog-dominated mire, the pore water was less acidic and richer in telluric cations. This mire was covered by fen-like vegetation, prevalently fen meadows. Nitrogen (N) content in the vegetation was very similar in the two mire sites, while phosphorus (P) content was lower in the fen-dominated site. Contrary to our expectations, ANPP did not differ significantly between the two mire sites while litter decomposition rates were significantly lower in the fen-dominated mire, presumably because of P limitation of decomposers. This suggests that the development of ombrogenous mires in this region need not be due to increased accumulation of peat during succession from mineralwater-fed to rainwater-fed conditions.  相似文献   

Impact of Agro-industrial Byproducts on Bioconversion,Chemical Composition,in vitro Digestibility,and Microbiota of the Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae     

Gianluca Galassi  Costanza Jucker  Pietro Parma  Daniela Lupi  Gianni Matteo Crovetto  Sara Savoldelli  Stefania Colombini 《Journal of insect science (Online)》2021,21(1)

The interest in using byproducts from agro-food industries as a rearing substrate for insects is increasing rapidly. We investigated the influence of byproducts of vegetal origin (okara—a byproduct of soy milk production, maize distillers with solubles, brewer’s grains), used as rearing diet for black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), on the following parameters: biomass production, substrate reduction (SR), nutritional profile and in vitro digestibility, and larval gut microbiota. Hen diet was used as a control substrate. The highest larval biomass was collected on maize distillers, whereas the highest SR was observed on okara. The rearing substrate affected ash, ether extract, and chitin larval content. The BSFL reared on okara were characterized by a lower lauric acid content (17.6% of total fatty acids). Diets also influenced in vitro crude protein digestibility (%) for monogastrics, with the highest values for BSFL reared on maize distillers (87.8), intermediate for brewer’s grains and okara BSFL, and the lowest for hen BSFL (82.7). The nutritive value for ruminants showed a lower Net Energy for lactation for BSFL reared on hen diet than okara and dried maize distillers BSFL. The different byproducts showed an influence on the larval gut microbiota, with a major bacterial complexity observed on larvae fed with the hen diet. The neutral detergent fiber concentration of dietary substrate was negatively correlated with Firmicutes and Actinobacteria relative abundance. Insects valorized byproducts converting them into high-value larval biomass to be used for feed production. The results evidenced the effects of the tested byproducts on the measured parameters, underling the chemical composition importance on the final insect meal quality.  相似文献   

A comparative analysis of habitat quality between artificial and natural creeks in the Mediterranean killifish Aphanius fasciatus: Implications for conservation     

Francesco Cavraro  Giada Finotti  Giulia Rossato  Matteo Zucchetta  Chiara Facca  Stefano Malavasi 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(6):1311-1321

1. In transitional water ecosystems, habitat loss is one of the major threats to fish biodiversity. This is particularly true in the case of temperate salt marshes. Good quality artificial novel habitats may compensate for the loss of natural habitats, acting as a refuge for fish populations.
2. The aim of this study was to use coloured ornamental traits exhibited by the males of a small lagoon-resident fish, the Mediterranean killifish Aphanius fasciatus (Valenciennes, 1821), to assess habitat quality in both the natural and artificial creeks of the Venice lagoon.
3. The conspicuousness of two secondary sexual traits, the yellow/orange caudal fin pigmentation and the contrast between white and dark vertical bars on body sides, proved to be greater in artificial habitats compared to natural salt marshes, highlighting the refuge function of artificial creeks.
4. The use of secondary sexual traits could be extended to other fish species and to other aquatic habitats as a non-invasive approach. This would allow the identification of good quality habitats in the context of fish population management and conservation.

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Implementing the quantum von Neumann architecture with superconducting circuits     

Mariantoni M  Wang H  Yamamoto T  Neeley M  Bialczak RC  Chen Y  Lenander M  Lucero E  O'Connell AD  Sank D  Weides M  Wenner J  Yin Y  Zhao J  Korotkov AN  Cleland AN  Martinis JM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6052):61-65

The von Neumann architecture for a classical computer comprises a central processing unit and a memory holding instructions and data. We demonstrate a quantum central processing unit that exchanges data with a quantum random-access memory integrated on a chip, with instructions stored on a classical computer. We test our quantum machine by executing codes that involve seven quantum elements: Two superconducting qubits coupled through a quantum bus, two quantum memories, and two zeroing registers. Two vital algorithms for quantum computing are demonstrated, the quantum Fourier transform, with 66% process fidelity, and the three-qubit Toffoli-class OR phase gate, with 98% phase fidelity. Our results, in combination especially with longer qubit coherence, illustrate a potentially viable approach to factoring numbers and implementing simple quantum error correction codes.  相似文献   

Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and generalised toxoplasmosis in a cat with neurological signs     

Eva Spada  Daniela Proverbio  Chiara Giudice  Mauro DiGiancamillo  Matteo Lodi  Roberta Perego 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2010,12(8):654-658

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Multiple functions of buffer strips in farming areas     

Maurizio Borin  Matteo Passoni  Mara Thiene  Tiziano Tempesta 《European Journal of Agronomy》2010,32(1):103-111

Buffer strips (BSs) are strips interposed between fields and streams that intercept and treat the waters leaving cropland, and so are a useful tool for reducing agricultural diffuse pollution in lowland areas. If properly vegetated and managed, they can also produce wood for burning, act as sinks for atmospheric CO₂ and enhance the landscape beauty.The paper presents an analysis of the different functions of BS and reviews the more important data from research programmes conducted over the last decade in Veneto Region (North-East Italy). Over a period of 3–5 years, in two experimental sites, young BS reduced total runoff by 33%, losses of N by 44% and P by 50% compared to no-BS. A mature BS was able to abate both NO₃–N and dissolved phosphorus concentrations by almost 100%, in most cases having exiting water that satisfied the limit for avoiding eutrophication. The BS also proved to be a useful barrier for herbicides, with concentrations abated by 60% and 90%, depending on the chemical and the time elapsed since application. Considering the CO₂ immobilized in the wood and soil together, the different BS monitored stored up to 80 t ha^?1 year^?1.The BS caused negligible disturbance to maize, soybean and sugarbeet yields. The hedgerows, particularly if composed of trees taller than 6 m, positively influenced the aesthetic value of the territory, improving its perceived naturalness and screening the man-made elements.Lastly, through a multi-objective analysis, opportunity costs were estimated to support the public decision-maker in determining the subsidies to be paid to encourage farmers to plant BS.  相似文献   

A field study of the impact of different irrigation practices on herbicide leaching     

Gabriella Fait  Matteo Balderacchi  Federico Ferrari  Fabrizio Ungaro  Ettore Capri  Marco Trevisan 《European Journal of Agronomy》2010,32(4):280-287

Agricultural practices, such as subsurface drainage, irrigation and tillage, may significantly affect pesticide leaching and, consequently, the risk of groundwater contamination. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of different irrigation systems on herbicide leaching to shallow groundwater through direct monitoring at the field scale in northern Italy over a 3-year period. Concentrations of the herbicide terbuthylazine (TBA) and its metabolite desethylterbuthylazine (DES) were monitored on 10 farms cropped with maize and irrigated by sprinkler, basin and border systems. Considering the results grouped according to the different irrigation systems, the mean TBA and DES concentrations was lower than the arbitrary non-health based legal limit of 0.1 μg/L using sprinkler and border systems, while it was 0.19 and 0.30 μg/L respectively for TBA and DES using basin systems.However, since many factors other than the irrigation systems can contribute to pesticide leaching and in a field study it is impossible to discriminate between all the different variables, the concentrations of both compounds were simulated with and without irrigation using the model MACRO 5.1 in order to gain a deeper understanding of the role of irrigation on leaching. First, the groundwater table depth, which was measured daily in all fields, was used to calibrate the model and thus achieve a good soil hydrology calibration. To assess the performance of the model the root mean squared error (RMSE) was used. RMSE ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 m, showing that a satisfactory hydrology calibration was obtained. Afterward, the solutes were modelled and the results showed that under non-irrigated conditions, concentrations of both compounds would be very low. These findings validate the hypothesis that careful selection of agricultural practices, such as the type of irrigation, can reduce pesticide leaching.  相似文献