Evaluation of Poultry By‐product Meal in Commercial Diets for Hybrid Striped Bass,Morone chrysops ♀ × Morone saxatilis ♂, in Pond Production     

Steven D. Rawles  T. Gibson Gaylord  Matthew E. McEntire  Donald W. Freeman 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2009,40(2):141-156

The efficacy of replacing fish meal with petfood‐grade poultry by‐product meal (PBM) on an ideal protein basis in commercial diets for hybrid striped bass (HSB) was evaluated under production conditions in pond culture. A generic production diet (GEN) for HSB was formulated to contain 45% protein, 12% lipid, and 3.7 kcal/kg. Protein in the generic diet was supplied by a mix of animal and plant sources typically used by the industry that included more than 20% select menhaden fish meal and less than 10% PBM. A positive control diet (GEN + AA) was formulated by supplementing the generic diet with feed‐grade Met and Lys to match the level of those amino acids in HSB muscle at 40% digestible protein. Substitution diets were formulated by replacing 35, 70, or 100% of fish meal in the GEN diet with PBM on a digestible protein basis and then supplementing with Met and Lys (designated 35PBM, 70PBM, and 100PBM, respectively) as needed to maintain concentrations equal to those in the GEN + AA diet. Diet formulation and extrusion were conducted by a commercial mill, and all diets met or exceeded known nutritional requirements for HSB. Twenty 0.10‐ha ponds (4 ponds/diet) were randomly stocked with juvenile HSB (76 ± 10 g; mean ± SD) at a density of 7400/ha and fed for 600 d (October 2004 to May 2006). Diets were fed once daily to apparent satiation to a maximum of 95 kg feed/ha. Total weight and number of fish in each pond were determined at harvest. Weight distributions in each pond were estimated by selecting every 15th fish during harvest. Subsets of ten fish from each of these samples were selected randomly for the determination of body composition and nutrient and energy retention. The availability of indispensable amino acids as well as ammonia production from the commercial test diets were determined in separate tank trials. Most production characteristics were not statistically different (P > 0.10) among dietary treatments. Distributions of individual fish weights from each of the ponds were not affected by poultry by‐product level in the diet. Multivariate analysis of body compositional indices grouped diets into two clusters composed of GEN, GEN + AA, 35PBM vs. 70PBM, and 100PBM mainly because fish fed the 70PBM and 100PBM diets had greater (P = 0.001) body fat (visceral somatic indices) than fish fed the other diets. Ammonia production in tanks was not different among diets and peaked 6–8 h after feeding when fish were fed at 1.5% of body weight; ammonia‐N excretion ranged from 197 to 212 mg/kg/d and 18.5–21.5% of nitrogen intake. Some imbalances in the levels and ratios of selected amino acids to Lys were found in the diets containing higher amounts of PBM and were attributed to a lack of accurate availability coefficients during formulation for some dietary proteins. These imbalances in essential amino acids may have been the predominant factor in the somewhat fattier fish observed fed diets containing the two highest levels of PBM. Nevertheless, these results from fish stocked at commercial densities and raised to market size in ponds suggest that formulating diets on an available amino acid basis for all protein sources while balancing limiting amino acids, particularly Met, Lys, Thr, and Trp, on an ideal protein basis will yield significant improvements in HSB performance when fed commercial diets in which all fish meal is replaced with PBM.  相似文献   

Interactions between dietary docosahexaenoic acid and other long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on performance and fatty acid retention in post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)     

Brett D. Glencross  Douglas R. Tocher  Chessor Matthew  J. Gordon Bell 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2014,40(4):1213-1227

A study with varying dietary inclusion levels (1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g kg^?1) of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) was conducted with post-smolt (111 ± 2.6 g; mean ± S.) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) over a 9-week period. In addition to the series of DHA inclusion levels, the study included further diets that had DHA at 10 g kg^?1 in combination with either eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) or arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6), both also included at 10 g kg^?1. An additional treatment with both EPA and DHA included at 5 g kg^?1 (total of 10 g kg^?1 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, LC-PUFA) was also included. After a 9-week feeding period, fish were weighed, and carcass, blood and tissue samples collected. A minor improvement in growth was seen with increasing inclusion of DHA. However, the addition of EPA further improved growth response while addition of ARA had no effect on growth. As with most lipid studies, the fatty acid composition of the whole body lipids generally reflected that of the diets. However, there were notable exceptions to this, and these implicate some interactions among the different LC-PUFA in terms of the fatty acid biochemistry in this species. At very low inclusion levels, DHA retention was substantially higher (~250 %) than that at all other inclusion levels (31–58 %). The inclusion of EPA in the diet also had a positive effect on the retention efficiency of DHA. However, EPA retention was highly variable and at low DHA inclusion levels there was a net loss of EPA as this fatty acid was most likely elongated to produce DHA, consistent with increased DHA retention with additional EPA in the diet. Retention of DPA (22:5n-3) was high at low levels of DHA, but diminished with increasing DHA inclusion, similar to that seen with DHA retention. The addition of EPA to the diet resulted in a substantial increase in the efficiency of DPA retention; the inclusion of ARA had the opposite effect. Retention of ARA was unaffected by DHA inclusion, but the addition of either EPA or ARA to the diet resulted in a substantial reduction in the efficiency of ARA retention. No effects of dietary treatment were noted on the retention of either linolenic (18:3n-3) or linoleic (18:2n-6) acids. When the total n-3 LC-PUFA content of the diet was the same but consisted of either DHA alone or as a combination of EPA plus DHA, the performance effects were similar.  相似文献   

The effect of Danish seine selectivity and retention on growth estimates of tiger flathead <Emphasis Type="Italic">Platycephalus richardsoni</Emphasis>     

Vladimir S. Troynikov  Matthew T. Koopman 《Fisheries Science》2009,75(4):833-838

This work demonstrates the correction of gear-selectivity and retention effects in estimation of growth in fish populations. The selectivity bias can be removed from length-at-age and length increment data. To correct for bias, a maximum-likelihood estimator that incorporates gear selectivity, a size-dependent retention function and several stochastic growth models are provided. The estimator allows the use of joint samples collected by fishing gears with different selectivity, which increases sample size and data representativeness, and thus improves accuracy of population parameter estimates. Data collected from retained tiger flathead caught by Danish seine gear were used for numerical analysis of the selectivity bias. Stock assessment implications of bias in growth estimation are discussed.  相似文献   

Effect of light intensity and feed density on feeding behaviour,growth and survival of larval sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria          下载免费PDF全文

Jonathan S F Lee  Lyle L Britt  Matthew A Cook  Thomas H Wade  Barry A Berejikian  Frederick W Goetz 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(8):4438-4448

We studied the effects of light intensity on larval activity, feeding behaviour, growth and survival of a candidate species for aquaculture – sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria). Of six light intensities ranging from 2 to 750 lux at the water surface, the greatest surviving biomass in small tanks was observed at 12–42 lux. In another experiment in larger tanks, behavioural observations showed that larvae fed poorly under light brighter than 800 lux but fed better at lower light intensities, depending on tank type. In a separate experiment, where live feed densities were varied between 2.5 and 17.5 rotifers per mL of tank water, surviving biomass and dry weight increased with higher feed densities. These experiments help refine methods for rearing larval sablefish by demonstrating effects of light intensity and feed density on larval performance.  相似文献   

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli inoculation of neonatal calves   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

D P Warner  J H Bryner 《American journal of veterinary research》1984,45(9):1822-1824

Three groups of neonatal calves were inoculated orally with pathogenic strains of Campylobacter jejuni or C coli. The calves developed a mild, self-limiting enteritis characterized by thick mucoid feces. Bacteremia and fecal shedding of Campylobacter were sporadic in all inoculated calves. Two groups of calves were killed 1 to 3 weeks after inoculation to study the pathogenesis of infection. Postmortem culture of tissues revealed C jejuni or C coli most frequently in the ileum, cecum, colon, and blood. Clinical or pathologic differences between C jejuni-inoculated and C coli-inoculated calves were minimal.  相似文献   

An alternative approach for sustainable sheep meat production:implications for food security     

Eric N.Ponnampalam  Matthew I.Knight  Peter J.Moate  and Joe L.Jacobs 《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2021,(2):791-805

Background:A pelleted diet containing camelina hay (CAMH) or camelina meal (CAMM) as a supplement along with a control pellet (CONT) diet formulated with common...  相似文献   

Effect of Stocking Rate on Growing Juvenile Sunshine Bass,Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis,in an Outdoor Biofloc Production System          下载免费PDF全文

Bartholomew W. Green  Steven D. Rawles  Carl D. Webster  Matthew E. McEntire 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2018,49(5):827-836

The biofloc technology production system is a production‐intensifying management strategy used primarily for culturing tilapia and penaeid shrimp, both of which can consume the biofloc. Other fish can be grown in biofloc systems because the biofloc serves to maintain water quality, metabolizing the ammonia excreted by intensively fed fish. A dose–response study was conducted in an outdoor biofloc system to begin quantifying the stocking rate production function for sunshine bass, Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis, advanced fingerlings. Sunshine bass (2.9 ± 0.2 g/fish) were stocked into tanks at 50–250 fish/m² in 50 fish/m² increments. After 94 d, gross yields ranged from 1.4 to 3.1 kg/m³ and were independent of stocking rate. Harvested fish were separated into two size groups: smaller than 115 mm total length (TL, target fish) and larger than 115 mm TL (jumper fish). Target fish increased linearly from 62 to 93% and jumpers decreased linearly from 38 to 7% of the population, respectively, as stocking rate increased. The outdoor biofloc system offers potential for intensifying the production of advanced sunshine bass fingerlings, but feed consumption appeared to be impeded by high total suspended solids concentrations. Further research is needed to optimize stocking rates and solids management.  相似文献   

Climate change: Response and role of global aquaculture     

Louis R. D'Abramo  Matthew J. Slater 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2019,50(4):710-714

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Evaluation of the growth and survival rate of the Caribbean Sea cucumber,Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867), early juveniles produced in captivity     

Itzel A. Snchez‐Tapia  Matthew Slater  Miguel A. Olvera‐Novoa 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2019,50(4):763-773

Isostichopus badionotus is a new commercially important sea cucumber in the Caribbean that has rapidly shown signs of overexploitation. There is no information on the growth and survival rates for wild or hatchery‐produced early juveniles. Hatchery production and determination of juvenile growth rates are essential for future aquaculture efforts for this species. In this study, daily growth rate (GR), specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain (WG), survival rate (SR), and weight–length relation (WLR) were evaluated using small (0.01 g) and large (0.25 g) hatchery‐produced early juveniles under laboratory conditions. Growth was rapid compared to other cultured sea cucumber species; maximal values of SGR and WG were obtained for small juveniles (4.58%/day and 2,191%, respectively), while maximal GR and SR were obtained for large juveniles (0.29 mm/day and 99.17%, respectively). A wide range of sizes was evident at the end of each trial. The WLR of small and large juveniles fit with a negative allometric growth trend. This study highlights the potential production of I. badionotus as early juvenile stages withstand hatchery handling well and exhibit a high SR, reaching commonly released mean sizes (>0.7 g and 25 mm) after almost 3 months (120 days postfertilization).  相似文献   

Lack of genetic population structure of slimy sculpin in a large,fragmented lake          下载免费PDF全文

Peter T. Euclide  Natalie M. Flores  Matthew J. Wargo  C. William Kilpatrick  J. Ellen Marsden 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2018,27(3):699-709

Most of what is known about sculpin population structure comes from research in streams; however, slimy sculpins are also a common benthic species in deep lakes. In streams, sculpins are considered to be a relatively inactive species, moving only small distances, and characteristically have high levels of genetic structure. We examined population genetic structure of slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) across multiple barriers and over distances up to 227 km in Lake Champlain (USA, Canada) and Lake Ontario (USA, Canada) to determine whether lake populations of sculpin are also highly structured. We predicted that slimy sculpin populations in Lake Champlain would be structured by six causeways as well as by distance, Lake Ontario populations would be structured only by distance, and differences between the lakes would be large relative to within‐lake differences. We examined microsatellite variation among 200 slimy sculpins from Lake Champlain and 48 slimy sculpins from Lake Ontario to evaluate patterns of population connectivity and structure. There was no indication of population substructuring within either lake but sculpin were genetically distinct between lakes. We conclude that there is a single, panmictic population of sculpin present in Lake Champlain and another potentially panmictic population in Lake Ontario, with no indication of genetic isolation by distance. Our results contrast with data from sculpin in streams, suggesting distance and habitat fragmentation exert little influence on population connectivity of benthic fish in lakes.  相似文献