Long-term productivity growth and sustainability of Greek irrigated agriculture     

SM Fakhrul Islam  Mohd. Kamruzzaman 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(3):311-324

The present study examines the long-term productivity growth and sustainability of Greek irrigated agriculture. A log linear trend model was used to measure long-term productivity growth, and the total factor productivity (TFP) approach measures the sustainability of the irrigated production system. A time series database of inputs and outputs data were used for the production period of 1961?–?2001 (41 years) which revealed that there is an increasing trend in the irrigated area of the country. The annual growth rate of the irrigated area is 2.6% during this time period. The long-term trends in yields of crops grown in irrigated agriculture are positive. Fertilizer use rate per ha sharply increases during this period. The productivity of irrigated Greek agriculture also increases over the time period as a result of the introduction of High Yielding Variety (HYV), seed, fertilizer and water technology. The measurement of TFP indices indicates that the long-term trend in productivity growth of irrigated Greek agricultural system is positive. The result implies that the irrigated Greek agricultural production system has long-term sustainability. The result also indicates that fertilizer, fixed capital, rainfall and temperature are positively contributing to the mean production of Greek irrigated agriculture. On the other hand, pesticide, labour and fixed capital reduces variability of irrigated agriculture. To this end, long-term agricultural sustainability depends on patterns of input use.  相似文献   

Live and inactivated vaccine regimens against caecal Salmonella Typhimurium colonisation in laying hens          下载免费PDF全文

PJ Groves  SM Sharpe  WI Muir  A Pavic  JM Cox 《Australian veterinary journal》2016,94(10):387-393

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Negative pressure wound therapy using a portable single‐use device for free skin grafts on the distal extremity in seven dogs          下载免费PDF全文

AJ Miller  RG Cashmore  AM Marchevsky  M Havlicek  PM Brown  SM Fearnside 《Australian veterinary journal》2016,94(9):309-316

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Effects of pimobendan on myocardial perfusion and pulmonary transit time in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease: a pilot study          下载免费PDF全文

SM Apple  G Menciotti  L Braz‐Ruivo  S Crosara  J Häggström  M Borgarelli 《Australian veterinary journal》2016,94(9):324-328

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Third‐compartment cannulation in alpacas using a polyurethane gastrostomy tube     

GW Smith  MP Gerard  NB Campbell  DM Foster  SM Smith  JL Davis 《Australian veterinary journal》2009,87(12):487-491

Objective To develop a simple and effective surgical technique for third‐compartment cannulation in alpacas. Design Prospective study using six adult male alpacas. Methods General anaesthesia was induced and a polyurethane gastrostomy tube was surgically implanted into the distal portion of the third compartment. Results Three of the alpacas retained their cannulas for a 100‐day period; however, three cannulas were dislodged during the study. Two of the three dislodged cannulas were replaced during a second surgical procedure. Cannulas were well tolerated by the alpacas and all animals remained clinically healthy during the study period. Third compartment contents did not leak from the cannulation site. The tubes were manually removed following the completion of the study and the small defect in the body wall quickly healed over in all animals. Conclusion Surgical placement of polyurethane tubes designed for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is a useful method of cannulating the third compartment in camelids. This technique can be used for experimental studies and possibly could be used for nutritional support and fluid therapy in sick camelids that might need long‐term care.  相似文献   

Kinetics of equine neutrophil elastase release and superoxide anion generation following secretagogue activation: a potential mechanism for antiproteinase inactivation     

Dagleish MP  Pemberton AD  Brazil TJ  McAleese SM  Miller HR  Scudamore CL 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1999,72(3-4):257-275

Man and horses both suffer from neutrophil mediated pulmonary diseases however there are striking species differences in the underlying pathology. In particular while pulmonary emphysema is a common pathological sequel to human respiratory disease it is not a major feature of the common equine neutrophil mediated condition, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The proposed reason for this difference is that equine neutrophils contain less elastase than equivalent human cells and therefore there is a reduced risk of excess and/or uninhibited elastase activity, which is considered the major cause of pulmonary emphysema in man, in the horse lung. In previous studies equine neutrophil elastase (ENE) has been assayed by measuring elastinolytic activity whereas human neutrophil elastase content has been determined using immunological techniques. Neutrophils contain several intracellular protease inhibitors therefore measurement of elastase activity may underestimate the total NE content. The aim of the current study was to develop immunological techniques to allow investigation of the cellular content, distribution and release of ENE from purified equine neutrophils. Equine neutrophil elastase 2A (ENE 2A), the most abundant elastase in equine neutrophils, and equine alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (API), the main inhibitor of elastase were found to be present at 0.813 pg +/- 0.179 and 0.021 pg +/- 0.003 (mean +/- SEM, n = 11 individual horses) per neutrophil, respectively. This represents twice as much elastase as previously found in the equine neutrophil and a comparable amount to that reported in human neutrophils. Immunolocalisation demonstrated that ENE 2A has a granular distribution within the cytosol of neutrophils, whereas API exhibits a uniform non-granular cytoplasmic appearance. In addition the kinetics of simultaneous generation and release of superoxide anions (SOA) and release of ENE 2A from equine neutrophils, stimulated in vitro by zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) in the presence and absence of the cation chelator ethylene glycol-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), showed a close relationship between total SOA generation and total ENE 2A release during the initial 90 min post-ZAS stimulation and the dependence of both events on extracellular cations. In conclusion these studies have shown that horse and human neutrophil elastase content and mediator release functions are more closely matched than was previously thought. This suggests that the species differences in pathology resulting from neutrophil-mediated respiratory disease are determined by other factors such as differences in the abundance and function of intra- and extra-cellular protease inhibitors.  相似文献   

Molecular mechanism of Chinese medicine formula (Bushen Bugu Tang) for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis     

TENG Xiao-ying  WANG Lian-tang  Huang L  Kumta SM 《园艺学报》2004,20(11):2005-2010

AIM: To study the molecular mechanism of Chinese medicine formula Bushen Bugu Tang (BSBGT) for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO). METHODS: Forty female SD rats were divided into four groups: the sham group, OVX group, estrogen treatment group and BSBGT treatment group, ten for each, difference operation and treatment were given. Subsequently, bone mineral density (BMD), bone histomorphometric changes and collagen type I expression in the femur of these rats were examined. In order to position the target of the formula acting on bone, the effect of BSBGT on regulation of mRNA levels of RANKL and OPG, two key factors for regulating osteoclastogenesis, by using rat calvarial-derived stromal cell cultrues, was elucidated. RESULTS: The BSBGT formula was found as effective as estrogen in preventing the reduction of BMD, the trabecular area and trabecular numbers in femora and also the decrease in collagen type I expression following ovariectomy. RT-PCR resulted showed that both estrogen and BSBGT significantly up-regulated OPG mRNA level and down-regulated RANKL mRNA level, resulting in an increased ratio of OPG/RANKL in cultured rat stromal cells. CONCLUSIONS: The ratio of OPG/RANKL within the osseous environment determines whether bone formation predominates bone resorption. We therefore concluded that the BSBGT formula might be as effective as estrogen in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis through the mechanism of up-regulating RANKL expression and down-regulating OPG expression in osteoblast/stromal cells.  相似文献   

Capacitation of Frozen Thawed Buffalo Bull (Bubalus bubalis) Spermatozoa with Higher Heparin Concentrations     

A Mehmood  M Anwar  SM Saqlan Naqvi 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2007,42(4):376-379

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of high heparin concentration on capacitation of buffalo spermatozoa with a short incubation time. Frozen thawed spermatozoa from three buffalo bulls were pooled and treated with either 50, 100 or 200 microg/ml heparin for 30 min. Capacitation was evaluated by acrosome reaction of spermatozoa and in vitro fertilization rate (per cent cleavage rate, per cent cleavage index). Acrosome reaction was induced in heparin treated spermatozoa with calcium ionophore A23187 and staining was carried out with Coomassie G-250 to evaluate the response as compared with control (0 heparin + calcium ionophore). Significantly higher percentage of acrosome reaction (AR) spermatozoa was noted after heparin treatment (36.8-48.2%) as compared with control (8.1% ; p < 0.05) but differences among the three heparin concentrations were non-significant. However, a significantly higher in vitro fertilization rate was recorded in spermatozoa capacitated by 50 and 100 microg/ml heparin (80.4 and 75.9% cleavage rate, respectively) as compared with 200 microg/ml heparin (47.2% cleavage rate; p < 0.001). It is concluded that buffalo spermatozoa capacitated with 50-100 microg/ml heparin had significantly higher ability to improve in vitro fertilization rate in buffalo.  相似文献   

Marking to weaning production aspects of lambs provided with NSAID analgesia compared with lambs receiving no analgesia at the time of elastrator ring marking     

AH Small  S Belson  H Brewer  SM Schmoelzl 《Australian veterinary journal》2021,99(1-2):40-43

The provision of analgesia at the time of marking has been adopted by the Australian sheep industry, but data on production benefits are lacking. In the current study, alternate lambs were provided with either meloxicam (non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug [NSAID], n = 781) or no analgesia (NONE, n = 822) at the time of ring castration and tail docking. Six distinct management groups of lambs were studied. Lambs were weighed immediately before marking and then again at weaning. There was no significant effect of treatment on average daily gain between marking and weaning in cross‐bred lambs. In Merino lambs, average daily gain was 5 g/day lower (P < 0.005) in lambs receiving NSAID, but this may not be biologically significant. Lamb losses were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the NSAID group (1.1%) than in the NONE group (2.7%). This observation is worth validating in larger studies, particularly considering that lamb mortality is a significant cost to production and welfare concern.  相似文献   

Antagonism of detomidine with tolazoline in isoflurane-anaesthetised ponies     

NS Matthews  SW Erickson  GS Light  MR Slater  SM Hartsfield 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》1995,22(1):25-30

The effects of tolazoline (4.0 mg/kg iv) antagonism of detomidine (0.02 mg/kg iv) were evaluated in isoflurane-anaesthetised, ventilated ponies. Each of 6 ponies received both tolazoline and saline treatment during separate anaesthetic episodes only (no surgery was performed). Detomidine administration produced an increase in blood pressure, decrease in heart rate and decrease in P_aO₂ Tolazoline treatment transiently increased heart rate while blood pressure returned to baseline after both treatments. Arterial oxygenation decreased further after tolazoline treatment while oxgenation recovered towards baseline with saline treatment. No other cardiopulmonary effects were detected. Recovery from anaesthesia tended to be more rapid when detomidine was antagonized. The potential benefit of antagonizing detomidine-induced bradycardia with tolazoline, during isoflurane anaesthesia should be weighed against the potential to produce a decrease in arterial oxygenation. The mechanism for this effect is not clear.  相似文献