Current attitudes regarding the use of perioperative analgesics in dogs and cats by Brazilian veterinarians     

Sílvia ERS Lorena  Stelio PL Luna  B Duncan X Lascelles  José E Corrente 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2014,41(1):82-89

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The use ofStreptococcus zymogenes for estimating tryptophan and methionine bioavailability in 17 foods     

Patricia Wells  Frank McDonough  C. E. Bodwell  Anthony Hitchens 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1989,39(1):121-127

As part of a cooperative study assessing amino acid bioavailability and/or protein quality, the provisional method of Boyneet al. (Brit J Nutr 21: 181–206) was used to assay 17 protein sources for methionine and tryptophan availability withS. zymogenes. Pronase was used as the predigesting enzyme. Product composition was found to affect reproducibility. The microbial assay results correlated positively with results from rat growth studies on the same foods (p=0.05), and were generally accurate in identifying products of lower protein quality. Defatting four high-fat products increased microbial values in the methionine assay, but only the chicken franks and the sausage values in the tryptophan assay. Heating non-fat milk increased methionine values slightly. Low values for rolled oats were further reduced by finer grinding.  相似文献   

Rat bioassays for methionine availability in 16 food sources     

F. E. McDonough  C. E. Bodwell  R. S. Staples  P. A. Wells 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1989,39(1):77-84

Methionine availabilities of 16 test proteins were assessed by comparing ten day rat growth response to the test diets and reference (casein) diets. In a preliminary study, various concentrations of methionine and cystine were fed to determine methionine requirements and effect of excess cystine. Results indicated a methionine requirement of about 550 mg per 100 g diet. Cystine had a sparing affect of 50–55%, i.e., about 300 mg could be used to meet methionine requirements. Further additions of cystine (up to 2.6 times methionine) did not affect rat growth. Methionine availabilities were excellent (88–100%) for 15 of the 16 test foods; only pinto beans (58%) were low, but prior evidence indicates that the poor growth response was due to some factor other than availability.  相似文献   

A collaborative study of methods of protein evaluation: introductory paper     

C. E. Bodwell  K. J. Carpenter  F. E. McDonough 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1989,39(1):3-11

The USDA's collaborative study of methods of protein quality evaluation is introduced. It was intended primarily to provide a basis for the evaluation of possibly improved procedures for the labelling of foods as a source of dietary protein. In general, the usefulness of in vitro digestibility procedures has been confirmed, but problems remained for the in vitro evaluation of heat-damaged materials and of some types of pinto beans.  相似文献   

The use ofEscherichia coli mutants to measure the bioavailability of essential amino acids in foods     

A. D. Hitchins  F. E. McDonough  P. A. Wells 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1989,39(1):109-120

The -galactosidase-based assay for lysine developed by Tuffnell & Payne was used to measure the bioavailabilities of cyst(e)ine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan in pronase digests of 17 foods. The digests were assayed by estimating the -galactosidase synthesis responses of fiveEscherichia coli mutants, each requiring one of the respective amino acids for protein synthesis. Deletion mutants were used whenever possible in order to ensure strain stability. Single digests of each food were assayed with 3 or 4 separate cultures of each mutant and the results were compared with those from the corresponding chemical assay. Omitting the anomalously low values for one food, the rank correlation coefficients of the bio- and chemo-assay values were 0.61 (cysteine), 0.91 (lysine), 0.95 (methionine), 0.64 (threonine) and 0.85 (tryptophan). Mean (± S.D.) relative amino acid bioavailabilities (casein = 100%) for the 17 foods were: cysteine, 53±23; lysine, 90±10; methionine, 95±18; threonine, 89±13; and tryptophan, 89±25. The cysteine mutant appeared to give unusually low bioavailability values except for the milk products. These amino acid mutants afford a rapid method for assaying the bioavailabilities of at least four of the five amino acids studied.  相似文献   

Small ruminant lentivirus genetic subgroups associate with sheep TMEM154 genotypes     

Lucia H Sider  Michael P Heaton  Carol G Chitko-McKown  Greg P Harhay  Timothy PL Smith  Kreg A Leymaster  William W Laegreid  Michael L Clawson 《Veterinary research》2013,44(1):64

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are prevalent in North American sheep and a major cause of production losses for the U.S. sheep industry. Sheep susceptibility to SRLV infection is influenced by genetic variation within the ovine transmembrane 154 gene (TMEM154). Animals with either of two distinct TMEM154 haplotypes that both encode glutamate at position 35 of the protein (E35) are at greater risk of SRLV infection than those homozygous with a lysine (K35) haplotype. Prior to this study, it was unknown if TMEM154 associations with infection are influenced by SRLV genetic subgroups. Accordingly, our goals were to characterize SRLVs naturally infecting sheep from a diverse U.S. Midwestern flock and test them for associations with TMEM154 E35K genotypes. Two regions of the SRLV genome were targeted for proviral amplification, cloning, sequence analysis, and association testing with TMEM154 E35K genotypes: gag and the transmembrane region of env. Independent analyses of gag and env sequences showed that they clustered in two subgroups (1 and 2), they were distinct from SRLV subtypes originating from Europe, and that subgroup 1 associated with hemizygous and homozygous TMEM154 K35 genotypes and subgroup 2 with hemi- and homozygous E35 genotypes (gag p < 0.001, env p = 0.01). These results indicate that SRLVs in the U.S. have adapted to infect sheep with specific TMEM154 E35K genotypes. Consequently, both host and SRLV genotypes affect the relative risk of SRLV infection in sheep.  相似文献   

A survey of the prevalence of emerging macrocyclic lactone resistance and of benzimidazole resistance in sheep nematodes in the lower North Island of New Zealand     

PL Hughes  PB McKenna  AF Dowling 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(1):87-90

AIM: To investigate the occurrence of emerging macrocyclic lactone (ML) resistance and of resistance to benzimidazole anthelmintics on a number of sheep farms in the North Island of New Zealand.

METHODS: On commercial sheep farms (n=30) in the Taihape district in the North Island of New Zealand, 30 animals were randomly allocated to one of two equal-sized groups and treated with either half of the recommended dose rate of ivermectin (half of 0.2 mg/kg), or with the full recommended dose rate of oxfendazole (4.5 mg/kg). The ivermectin treatment only was used on a further six properties. Faecal egg counts, accompanied by pooled larval cultures, were conducted on all samples at the time of treatment and 7–10 days later.

RESULTS: Resistance, as indicated by a <95% faecal egg count reduction (FECR) in both instances, was found to oxfendazole on 13/30 (43%) farms and to a half dose of ivermectin on 12/36 (33%) properties. For oxfendazole, such resistance was found to involve all six nematode genera whereas for ivermectin it was almost entirely restricted to Ostertagia and Cooperia infections.

CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that emerging ML resistance may be more common on sheep farms in New Zealand than is generally realised. They also suggest that the half-dose ivermectin faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) may offer some very practical benefits for parasite control by providing early warning of developing resistance to ML drenches and by signalling the possible imminent failure of these at their therapeutic dose rates. The sensitivity and reliability of this procedure may be further enhanced by the inclusion of larval cultures.  相似文献   

Experimental Leptospira interrogans Serovar Kennewicki Infection of Horses     

W. Yan  S.M. Faisal  T. Divers  S.P. McDonough  B. Akey  Y.‐F. Chang 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2010,24(4):912-917

Background: Little information is available about experimental induction of leptospirosis in horses. Objectives: Determine serologic, hematologic responses of horses to Leptospira interrogans serovar Kennewicki infection. Animals: Four adult horses seronegative for leptospirosis. Methods: Experimental and observational study. Horses were challenged with an equine isolate of L. interrogans serovar Kennewicki at 2 different doses and different inoculation sites. After challenge, the horses were monitored for 60 days. Blood, urine, and aqueous humor samples were collected at intervals until euthanasia 60 days after infection. Results: Pyrexia (39.3–40°C) occurred as early as 1 day after challenge with 10 × 10⁸Leptospira divided equally between topical ocular and intraperitoneal injection in 2 horses. Leptospires were recovered from the blood and urine but not from the aqueous humor of the 2 febrile horses. The sera of all 4 challenged horses developed microscopic agglutination test antibody after challenge and remained relatively constant for 21 days. Titer to cross‐reacting strains declined earlier than titer to the challenge strain. Conclusions: Clinical disease in experimentally infected horses can be mild or inapparent in Leptospira infected horses. Repeated serologic testing can allow recognition of the infecting serovar. In febrile horses, Leptospira can be isolated from blood while isolation from the urine can occur after fever has subsided.  相似文献   

Retrospective study of 108 foals with septic osteomyelitis     

KM Neil  JE Axon  AP Begg  PG Todhunter  PL Adams  AE Fine  JP Caron  AR Adkins 《Australian veterinary journal》2010,88(1-2):4-12

Objective   To determine the clinical characteristics, short-term outcome and future athletic performance of foals with septic osteomyelitis.
Design   Retrospective clinical study of 108 Thoroughbred foals with radiographic evidence of bone infection that were presented at the Scone Veterinary Hospital between August 1995 and December 2001. Medical records were reviewed and information concerning signalment, the clinical, laboratory and radiographic findings, treatment and outcome was obtained. Racing records were obtained and evaluated for surviving foals that had reached racing age.
Results   Mean age of foals at initial evaluation was 39 days (range 1–180 days); 21 foals had multiple radiographic bone lesions (19.4%), and 76 had concurrent septic arthritis (70.4%). The most frequently affected bones were the femur, tibia and distal phalanx. In total, 87 foals were discharged from the hospital (80.6%), 79 survived long-term to reach racing age and 52 raced (65.8%). Overall, 48% (52/108) of the foals treated for osteomyelitis raced. Foals less than 30 days of age at the time of diagnosis, critically ill foals and those with multiple bones or joints affected were significantly less likely to be discharged from hospital. Multiple septic joints, but not multiple bone involvement, had an unfavourable prognosis for racing.
Conclusions   The prognosis for survival of foals with septic osteomyelitis or osteitis is favourable. Multiple bone or joint involvement is an important short-term prognostic indicator; however, the involvement of multiple joints, but not multiple infected bones, is associated with an unfavourable prognosis for racing.  相似文献   

A case of Borrelia-associated cutaneous pseudolymphoma in a horse     

Sears KP  Divers TJ  Neff RT  Miller WH  McDonough SP 《Veterinary dermatology》2012,23(2):153-156

This case report describes a 10-year-old horse that developed multiple dermal papules over the right masseter area following removal of a tick from the same site 3 months earlier. Histological examination of a biopsy from a papule was suggestive of either a T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma or cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia, a form of pseudolymphoma sometimes associated with a tick bite. Positive serological testing and PCR of the biopsy sample for Borrelia in conjunction with immunohistochemical testing of the skin biopsy, the clinical history and response to treatment with doxycycline strongly supported the diagnosis of Borrelia-associated cutaneous pseudolymphoma.  相似文献