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Richard Simon Mwakapuja Zachariah Ephraim Makondo Joseph Malakalinga Ward Bryssinckx Robinson Hammerthon Mdegela Irmgard Moser Rudovick Reuben Kazwala Manfred Tanner 《Tropical animal health and production》2013,45(5):1223-1230
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is an important neglected zoonosis that affects livestock, wildlife and human. A study to determine prevalence and geospatial clusters for BTB was conducted from June 2010 to March 2012 at livestock–wildlife interface areas (LWIA). A total of 1,288 cattle located in vicinity of Mikumi-Selous ecosystem Tanzania were tested. Single Intradermal Comparative Tuberculin Test and spatial scan statistic analysis were applied to establish the status of the disease and identify significant spatial BTB clusters. Overall individual prevalence was 3.7 % (n?=?1,288) (95 % CI?=?2.8–4.9) and 7.8 % (95 % CI?=?6.4–9.4) with cut-off of >4 and >2 mm, respectively. Villages with at least one reactor were 55.8 % (n?=?43). Reactivity was significantly higher in Mvomero and Kilosa districts compared with Kilombero and Ulanga districts (χ 2?=?15.9; P?<?0.001). Significant spatial BTB clusters were revealed at 11 villages. BTB clustering was significant in Kilosa and Mvomero districts compared with Kilombero and Ulanga districts. There was overlap and aggregation of BTB clusters covering south and south-east of Kilosa district bordering Mikumi National Park (MNP) and Mvomero. Generally, clustering occurred around major rivers. The current study provides useful information on the dynamics and epidemiological status of BTB around the wildlife–livestock–human interface, it reveals that the wildlife are at risk of BTB from infected livestock. The study revealed hotspots for BTB that can be applied to guide implementation of participatory intervention at LWIA and control strategies in marginalised pastoralist communities. This study calls for similar studies in other Tanzania’s LWIA for efficient intervention of BTB countrywide. 相似文献
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Gaymary G. Bakari Robert A. Max Robinson H. Mdegela Elliot C. J. Phiri Mkumbukwa M. A. Mtambo 《Tropical animal health and production》2013,45(2):455-459
A crude resinous extract from Commiphora swynnertonii was tested against an experimental coccidial infection in local chickens. A total of 80 growing chickens were randomly assigned into five groups, which received different treatments. Chickens in G1 were not infected with coccidian oocysts and therefore served as a negative control. All chickens in G2, G3, G4 and G5 were infected through oral administration of coccidian oocysts suspension at a dosed rate of 1.5?×?104 Eimeria spp. oocysts per bird. Starting from day 3 post-infection (p.i), chickens in different groups were treated for 7 consecutive days as follows: G1 and G2 (positive control) received 5 ml of normal saline as placebo, G3 and G4 were given the extract at 400 and 800 mg/kg bodyweight whereas G5 received anticoccidial drug. Clinical signs, bodyweights, oocysts counts and mortality rates were observed regularly. Results showed that oral administration of the resinous extract to chickens with coccidiosis significantly reduced mortality rate from 94 to 25 % and oocysts counts from 1.03?×?105 to 6.55?×?103 oocysts/g faeces (p?<?0.05). Also a body condition score chart indicated less severe clinical signs of the disease in the groups which received the extract. Mean daily body weights were slightly reduced by the administration of the extract but this effect disappeared by day 7 p.i. These findings clearly indicate that resinous extract from C. swynnertonii has significant anticoccidial effect against experimental Eimeria spp. infection in chickens. A larger field trial to validate the use of the extract in chickens naturally infected with Eimeria spp. is required. 相似文献
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Gaymary George Bakari Robert A. Max Robinson H. Mdegela Elliot C. J. Phiri Mkumbukwa M. A. Mtambo 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(7):1389-1393
Studies were carried out to investigate the effect of crude extracts from resin, leaves, stem barks and root barks of Commiphora swynnertonii against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) using an in ovo assay. Nine-day-old embryonated chicken eggs were divided into seven groups (n?=?6) and received various treatments. Six groups were inoculated with velogenic NDV strain; five groups out of these were treated with different concentrations of the four extracts or a diluent, dimethylsulphoxide. The uninoculated and inoculated groups were left as negative and positive controls, respectively. Embryo survival was observed daily and embryo weights were measured day?5 post-inoculation; a few eggs from selected groups were left to hatch. Allantoic fluid from treated eggs and serum from hatched chicks were collected for hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests to detect NDV in the eggs and antibodies against NDV in the hatched chicks respectively. Results showed that embryo survival and mean embryo weight were significantly higher (p?<?0.001) in those groups which were treated with the crude extracts from C. swynnertonii than the positive control group. Also the extracts significantly (p?<?0.001) reduced virus titres, whereas no viruses were detected in the allantoic fluids of the resin-treated group at the highest concentration of 500???g/mL. Furthermore, the HI test results showed very low levels of antibodies against NDV in chicks hatched from resin and root bark extract-treated eggs suggesting that these plant materials were capable of destroying the NDV before stimulating the developing chick??s immunity. The current findings have clearly demonstrated that crude extracts especially that of resin from C. swynnertonii have strong antiviral activity against NDV in ovo. In vivo trials are needed to validate the use of resin from the tree in controlling Newcastle disease in chickens. 相似文献
25.
Jelly S. Chang’a Robinson H. Mdegela Ruth Ryoba Torleiv Løken Olav Reksen 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(8):1669-1676
Smallholder farmers’ knowledge and practice of dairy calf management on 129 farms with calves less than 10 months of age in
Southeastern and Southern Highland areas of Tanzania was assessed. The method of study included both a farm visit and completion
of a questionnaire. Most of the farmers were female, with a primary level of education, and majority kept 1–3 milking cows
that yielded 6–10 l milk/cow/day. Most of the calves were fed milk using a residual calf suckling system. Weaning age was
3–8 months. Overall, the body condition of the calves was poor, ranged from 1 to 2.5 with a mode of 2. The majority of the
farmers believed that helminthosis was the most common disease condition affecting the calves; diarrhea was ranked as the
second. Calf death was reported by 20% of the farmers to have occurred in their herd lasting the 2 years prior to the study.
Calf body condition score was related to body weight for calves younger than 9 weeks, and older than 23 weeks of age, whereas
no such relationship existed in the age group 9 to 23 weeks. The sex distribution was skewed with less male calves being older
than 23 weeks. We hypothesize that male calves experience inferior management compared with female calves. This study demonstrates
a low level of knowledge on, and poor practices of calf management among the surveyed farmers that suggest the need for educational
intervention. 相似文献
26.
The structure of the upper atmosphere of mars: In situ accelerometer measurements from mars global surveyor 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
GM Keating SW Bougher RW Zurek RH Tolson GJ Cancro SN Noll JS Parker TJ Schellenberg RW Shane BL Wilkerson JR Murphy JL Hollingsworth RM Haberle M Joshi JC Pearl BJ Conrath MD Smith RT Clancy RC Blanchard RG Wilmoth DF Rault TZ Martin DT Lyons PB Esposito MD Johnston al et 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,279(5357):1672-1676
The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) z-axis accelerometer has obtained over 200 vertical structures of thermospheric density, temperature, and pressure, ranging from 110 to 170 kilometers, compared to only three previous such vertical structures. In November 1997, a regional dust storm in the Southern Hemisphere triggered an unexpectedly large thermospheric response at mid-northern latitudes, increasing the altitude of thermospheric pressure surfaces there by as much as 8 kilometers and indicating a strong global thermospheric response to a regional dust storm. Throughout the MGS mission, thermospheric density bulges have been detected on opposite sides of the planet near 90 degreesE and 90 degreesW, in the vicinity of maximum terrain heights. This wave 2 pattern may be caused by topographically-forced planetary waves propagating up from the lower atmosphere. 相似文献
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Atrioventricular valve dysplasia in Dalmatians 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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A 7-years-old Clydesdale mare was presented with severe abdominal distension and acute colic. Dilated large intestine was palpated per rectum and a ventral midline exploratory laparotomy was performed. A 180 degrees volvulus of the pelvic flexure was present, associated with an inelastic band of tissue connecting the mesocolon to the umbilicus. The band was ligated and transected, and the volvulus reduced. Postoperative complications included hyponatraemia, metabolic acidosis and laminitis. The possible aetiology of the mesocolic-umbilical band is discussed. 相似文献