Effect of strain and serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus on viral shedding, vesicular lesion development, and contact transmission in pigs     

Stallknecht DE  Greer JB  Murphy MD  Mead DG  Howerth EW 《American journal of veterinary research》2004,65(9):1233-1239

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether pigs can be infected with strains of vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey (VSV-NJ) and vesicular stomatitis virus Indiana (VSV-I) isolated during recent vesicular stomatitis outbreaks that primarily involved horses in the western United States and determine the potential for these viruses to be transmitted by contact. ANIMALS: 128 pigs. PROCEDURE: Pigs were challenged with VSV-NJ or VSV-I from the 1995 and 1997 outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis in the western United States, respectively, or with VSV-NJ (OS) associated with vesicular stomatitis in feral pigs on Ossabaw Island, Ga. Pigs (3/group) were inoculated with each virus via 3 routes and evaluated for viral shedding, seroconversion, and the development of vesicular lesions. In another experiment, the potential for contact transmission of each virus from experimentally infected to na?ve pigs was evaluated. RESULTS: Infection of pigs was achieved for all 3 viruses as determined by virus isolation and detection of seroconversion. In inoculated pigs, all 3 viruses were isolated from multiple swab samples at concentrations sufficient to infect other pigs. However, compared with results obtained with the 2 VSV-NJ strains, viral titers associated with VSV-I were low and the duration of virus shedding was reduced. Results from the contact transmission trials were consistent with these results; virus transmission was detected most frequently with the VSV-NJ strains. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Pigs can be infected with VSV-NJ and VSV-I. Differences in the extent of viral shedding and potential for contact transmission were apparent between serotypes but not between the VSV-NJ strains investigated.  相似文献   

Human tularaemia associated with exposure to domestic dogs—United States, 2006–2016     

Natalie A. Kwit  Amy Schwartz  Kiersten J. Kugeler  Paul S. Mead  Christina A. Nelson 《Zoonoses and public health》2019,66(4):417-421

Dogs have been implicated in the zoonotic transmission of numerous pathogens. Whereas cats are known to transmit Francisella tularensis to humans via bite and other routes, the role of dogs in facilitating infection is much less understood. We reviewed tularaemia case investigation records collected through national surveillance during 2006–2016 to summarize those with dog involvement, characterize the nature of dog‐related exposure and describe associated clinical characteristics. Among 1,814 human tularaemia cases, 735 (41%) supplemental case investigation records were available for review; and of those, 24 (3.3%) were classified as dog‐related. Median age of patients was 51 years (range: 1–82); 54% were female. Two thirds (67%) of cases presented with ulceroglandular/glandular tularaemia; pneumonic (13%) and oropharyngeal (13%) illness occurred less frequently. Dog‐related exposures were classified as follows: direct contact via bite, scratch or face snuggling/licking (n = 12; 50%); direct contact with dead animals retrieved by domestic dogs (n = 8; 33%); and contact with infected ticks acquired from domestic dogs (n = 4; 17%). Prevention of dog‐related tularaemia necessitates enhanced tularaemia awareness and tick avoidance among pet owners, veterinarians, health care providers and the general public.  相似文献   

Ophthalmic complications following ocular penetration during routine dentistry in 13 cats     

HA Volk  KD Bayley  N Fiani  FM Billson 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2019,67(1):46-51

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Microbiological changes in the uneviscerated bird hung at 10 degrees C with particular reference to the pheasant     

G C Mead  E M Barnes  C S Impey 《British poultry science》1974,15(4):381-390

Thirty pheasants which had been reared in captivity for 19 weeks were killed by dislocating the neck and hung for up to 15 d at 10 °C. Microbiological, sensory and chemical assessments were made at 0, 3, 6, 8, 10, 13 and 13 d and this paper reports the microbiological results.

Examination of the duodenum, small intestine and caecum showed very little multiplication of coli‐aerogenes bacteria during hanging, although there was some increase in the numbers of faecal streptococci. Psychrophilic clostridia, mainly Clostridium putrefaciens, were found in the small intestine after 8 d and these organisms increased in number up to the 15th d.

The muscle remained relatively free from bacteria for most of the hanging period, but at 15 d Cl. putrefaciens was found in two out of three muscle samples at io³ and io⁴ per g.

No signs of spoilage due to greening were observed.

Twelve 16½>‐week‐old chickens were also killed by dislocating the neck and hung without plucking for 12 d at 10 °C with the pheasants. Although initially there were no major differences between the intestinal flora of the chickens and pheasants, faecal streptococci and coli‐aerogenes bacteria multiplied rapidly in the small intestine of the chickens during the first week. Greening occurred around the vent within 5 d.

Reasons for the differences between the two types of bird are discussed, particularly in relation to the diet.  相似文献   

Dog-associated risk factors for human plague     

Gould LH  Pape J  Ettestad P  Griffith KS  Mead PS 《Zoonoses and public health》2008,55(8-10):448-454

Plague is a rare but often fatal zoonosis endemic to the western United States. Previous studies have identified contact with pets as a potential risk factor for infection. We conducted a matched case-control study to better define the risks associated with pets at both the household and individual levels. Using a written questionnaire, we surveyed nine surviving plague patients, 12 household members of these patients, and 30 age- and neighbourhood-matched controls about household and individual exposures. Overall, 79% of households had at least one dog, 59% had at least one cat and 33% used flea control, with no significant differences between case and control households. Four (44%) case households reported having a sick dog versus no (0%) control households [matched odds ratio, (mOR) 18.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3-infinity], and four (44%) patients reported sleeping in the same bed with a pet dog versus three (10%) controls (mOR 5.7, 95% CI 1.0-31.6). Within case households with multiple members, two (40%) of five patients slept with their dogs versus none (0%) of 12 healthy family members (P=0.13). The exposures to cats were not significant. Sleeping in the same bed as a pet dog remained significantly associated with infection in a multivariate logistic regression model (P=0.046). Our findings suggest that dogs may facilitate the transfer of fleas into the home and that activities with close extended contacts with dogs may increase the risk of plague infection.  相似文献   

Experimental vesicular stomatitis virus infection in horses: effect of route of inoculation and virus serotype     

Howerth EW  Mead DG  Mueller PO  Duncan L  Murphy MD  Stallknecht DE 《Veterinary pathology》2006,43(6):943-955

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Soil moisture and water use by pastures and silvopastures in a sub-humid temperate climate in New Zealand   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

K. M. Pollock  Donald J. Mead  B. A. McKenzie 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,75(3):223-238

Soil moisture content from 0 to 2 m depth was monitored under 2–6 year old radiata pine (Pinus radiata) with three understoreys of bare ground, lucerne (Medicago sativa) and ryegrass/clover (Lolium perenne/Trifolium spp.) and under adjacent open-grown lucerne and ryegrass/clover pastures. By the fifth year soil moisture depletion/recharge pattern under the trees alone was similar to that under open pasture and under trees with pasture understoreys. Maximum plant available moisture storage was 207–223 mm in the top meter of this Templeton silt loam soil but only 69–104 mm at 1–2 m depth where coarse textures often predominated. Lucerne reduced soil moisture content (SMC) to lower levels during drier summers and extracted more water from 1 to 2 m depth than ryegrass/clover. Evapotranspiration (ET) during early summer when soil moisture was high was close to the Penman potential evapotranspiration (E _p ), but the difference increased when SMC in the top meter dropped below 200 mm. The silvopasture treatments had higher ET in winter than pasture alone but this was still less than E _p . Soil moisture deficits (SMD) at the end of each summer were sufficiently large to require slightly higher than normal winter rainfall and ET < E _p to recharge the soil to field capacity before the next summer. The soil moisture results, taken together with root and growth data, suggest that trees and understorey pastures are complementary in the first three or four growing seasons but this balance subsequently declines in favor of the pine trees. Management options, to extend the period that understorey pastures are productive, include reducing tree stockings, more vigorous pruning, using competitive understoreys and changing from pines to deciduous trees. Research on new silvopastoral combinations is suggested.  相似文献   

全球禽肉生产和贸易中的沙门菌风险评估与控制   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

G.Mead  A.M.Lammerding  N.Cox  M.P.Doyle  F.Humbert  A.Kulikocskiy  A.Panin  V.P.do Nascimento  M.Wierup 《中国家禽》2011,33(5)

1 禽源沙门菌对公共卫生的影响 在许多国家,沙门菌仍是引发食源性肠道疾病的主要原因.沙门菌通常存在于家畜、家禽中,也可在啮齿类、爬行类和鸟类等野生动物中发现.当农场的禽群感染沙门菌后,通常会有一部分家禽的消化道中携带沙门菌,但并无症状.随后,沙门菌可能会通过粪便污染感染动物屠体.  相似文献   

Chlamydia psittaci: a suspected cause of reproductive loss in three Victorian horses     

R Akter  AW Stent  FM Sansom  JR Gilkerson  C Burden  JM Devlin  AR Legione  CM El-Hage 《Australian veterinary journal》2020,98(11):570-573

Chlamydia psittaci was detected by PCR in the lung and equine foetal membranes of two aborted equine foetuses and one weak foal from two different studs in Victoria, Australia. The abortions occurred in September 2019 in two mares sharing a paddock northeast of Melbourne. The weak foal was born in October 2019 in a similar geographical region and died soon after birth despite receiving veterinary care. The detection of C. psittaci DNA in the lung and equine foetal membranes of the aborted or weak foals and the absence of any other factors that are commonly associated with abortion or neonatal death suggest that this pathogen may be the cause of the reproductive loss. The detection of C. psittaci in these cases is consistent with the recent detection of C. psittaci in association with equine abortion in New South Wales. These cases in Victoria show that C. psittaci, and the zoonotic risk it poses, should be considered in association with equine reproductive loss in other areas of Australia.  相似文献   

Differential susceptibility to tetracycline,oxytetracycline and doxycycline of the calf pathogens Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida in three growth media     

Andrew Mead  Peter Lees  John Mitchell  Andrew Rycroft  Joseph F. Standing  Pierre‐Louis Toutain  Ludovic Pelligand 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2019,42(1):52-59

For clinical isolates of bovine Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida, this study reports minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) differences for tetracycline, oxytetracycline and doxycycline between cation‐adjusted Mueller‐Hinton broth (CAMHB), foetal bovine serum (FBS) and Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium. MICs were determined according to CLSI standards and additionally using five overlapping sets of twofold dilutions. Matrix effect: (a) free drug MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) for all drugs were significantly higher in FBS than in CAMHB for both pathogens (p < 0.001); (b) MICs and MBCs were higher for CAMHB and FBS compared to RPMI for P. multocida only. Net growth rate for P. multocida in CAMHB was significantly slower than in FBS and higher than in RPMI, correlating to MIC and MBC ranking. Drug effect: doxycycline MICs and MBCs were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in both CAMHB and FBS than tetracycline and oxytetracycline for both pathogens. Only for M. haemolytica were oxytetracycline MIC and MBC significantly lower than tetracycline, precluding the use of tetracycline to predict oxytetracycline susceptibility in this species. Determining potencies of tetracyclines in a physiological medium, such as FBS, is proposed, when the objective is correlation with pharmacokinetic data for dosage determination.  相似文献