Identification of isolutein (lutein epoxide) as cis-antheraxanthin in orange juice     

Meléndez-Martínez AJ  Britton G  Vicario IM  Heredia FJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(24):9369-9373

The carotenoid profile of orange juice is very complex, a common characteristic for citrus products in general. This fact, along with the inherent acidity of the product, which promotes the isomerization of some carotenoids, makes the correct identification of some of these pigments quite difficult. Thus, one of the carotenoids occurring in orange juice has been traditionally identified as isolutein, a term used to refer to lutein epoxide, although enough evidence to support that identification has not been given. In this study, the carotenoid previously identified as isolutein/lutein epoxide in orange juice has been isolated and identified as a 9 or 9'-cis isomer of antheraxanthin as a result of different tests. To support this identification, a mixture of geometrical isomers of lutein epoxide isolated from petals of dandelions was analyzed under the same conditions used for orange juice carotenoids to check that neither their retention times nor their spectroscopic features matched with those of the orange juice carotenoid now identified as a cis isomer of antheraxanthin.  相似文献   

Dr. Reginald George Thomson (1934–2002)          下载免费PDF全文

Basil Ikede  Alfonso Lopez  Robert Curtis  Raymond Long  Mel Gallant  Marian Bruce    Timothy Ogilvie 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2003,44(9):754-757

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Crown development and biomass production of pollardedErythrina berteroana,E. fusca andGliricidia sepium in the humid tropical lowlands of Costa Rica     

R. G. Muschler  P. K. R. Nair  L. Meléndez 《Agroforestry Systems》1993,24(2):123-143

Leguminous trees are widely used to support climbers such as black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andr.), to provide shade to crops and to maintain soil fertility. Pruning or pollarding provides the means to maximize benefits from the trees, particularly through the production of biomass as a soil amendment. At the same time, excessive shading is reduced. In order to quantify the degree of shading of black pepper by the support trees during a six-month pollarding cycle, this study monitored crown development (part I) and light transmission (part II) of three widely used species,Erythrina berteroana Urban,E. fusca Loureiro andGliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud.The two sites were in the humid Atlantic Lowlands of Talamanca, southern Costa Rica (mean annual rainfall 2460 mm, no distinct dry season), on alluvial soils (typic Tropofluvents) with low levels of K, P, Mn and Zn. Two-year-old trees, that had been established from cuttings as live supports for black pepper, were used for the study. They were pollarded twice per year. The variables measured/estimated monthly were: stem diameter at breast height (dbh); height, foliated height, depth, diameter, leaf area and leaf biomass of crowns; length, diameter, number and inclination of branches. Leaf nutrient contents were also determined.Following pollarding,G. sepium was the first to resprout, followed byE. berteroana andE. fusca. G. sepium with its few but erect and long branches had slender, columnar crowns. while those ofE. berteroana andE. fusca were more spherical. Four months after pollarding,G. sepium started shedding leaves at the base of its branches. Average crown diameter after six months were 2.2 m forE. berteroana, 1.9 m forE. fusca and 1.5 m forG. sepium; average crown depths after six months were 2.8 m, 2.1 m, and 2.7 m, respectively, for the three species. For 1600 trees ha^–1 and two prunings per year, foliar biomass production from prunings alone (i.e., without litter fall), calculated from regressions with length and basal diameter of branches as independent variables, was 3.8 t, 3.4 t and 2.3 t dry matter ha^–1 a^–1 forE. berteroana, E. fusca andG. sepium, respectively; these estimates agreed well with measured values. The corresponding N contents were 146 kg, 124 kg and 90 kg, respectively. While N contributions from the prunings exceeded 50% of the fertilizer recommendations for black pepper, the contributions were <10% for P and <40% for K. Linear regressions between leaf area and branch dimensions, and quadratic regressions between foliar biomass and crown diameter showed high coefficients of determination (0.83>R ²>0.99). Correlations between foliar biomass, dbh, and dbh increments were generally weak. Conclusions from the study appear to be valid also for other agroforestry systems where the same species are planted under similar ecological conditions for reasons other than as live supports.

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Resumen Los árboles leguminosos se usan frecuentamente como soportes vivos para plantas trepadoras como pimienta negra (Piper nigrum L.) y vainilla (Vanilla planifolia Andr.), para dar sombra y para reducir el desgaste de los suelos. La poda de los árboles reduce la cantidad mantener la fertilidad de sombra y produce biomasa que sirve como enmiendas. Con el objectivo de cuantificar el grado del sombreado de pimienta negra por los árboles durante un cíclo de poda de seis meses, se monitoreó en este estudio el desarrollo de la copa (parte I) y la transmisión de luz (parte II) de tres especies usados como soportes vivos:Erythrina berteroana Urban,E. fusca Loureiro yGliricidia sepium (Jacq) Steud.Los dos sitios estan en la zona tropical húmeda de Talamanca Baja, en el sureste de Costa Rica (precipitación promedia 2460 mm, sin estación seca) en suelos aluviales (Typic Tropofluvents) y pobres en K, P, Mn y Zn. Los árboles fueron establecidos de estacas. Cuando este estudio empezó, los árboles tenían dos años de edad y fueron podados dos veces por año. Los parámetros medidos ó estimados mensualmente fueron: diámetro del tronco a la altura del pecho (DAP); altura, altura foliada, profundidad, diámetro, área foliar y biomasa foliar de las copas; largo, diámetro, número y inclinación de las ramas. Además se determinó el contenido de nutrientes de las hojas.Despues de la poda,G. sepium fue el primero en rebrotar, seguido porE. berteroana yE. fusca. G. sepium con sus ramas escasas pero largas y erectas, formó una copa delgada y columnar, mientras que las copas deE. berteroana yE. fusca fueron más esféricas. Cuatro meses después de la poda,G. sepium empezó a perder las hojas en la base de sus ramas. El promedio del diámetro de la copa después de seis meses fue de 2.2 m paraE. berteroana, 1.9 m paraE. fusca y 1.5 m paraG. sepium; el promedio de la profundidad de la copa después de seis meses fú de 2.8 m, 2.1 m y 2.7 m, respectivamente para las tres especies. Para 1600 árboles ha^–1 y dos podas por año, la producción estimada de biomasa foliar de la poda (sin tomar en cuenta la hojarasca caída antes), calculada de regresiónes con el largo y el diámetro basal de las ramas como variables independientes, fue de 3.8 t, 3.4 t y 2.3 t de matéria seca ha^–1 a^–1 paraE. berteroana, E. fusca yG. sepium, respectivamente; estos valores calculados concordaron bien con valores medidos. El contenido de N correspondiente fué de 146 kg, 124 kg, y 90 kg, respectivamente. Mientras que la contribución de N procedente de las podas excedió 50% de una recomendación de fertilización común para pimienta negra, la contribución de P fue inferior al 10%, y menos del 40% para K. Regresiones lineales entre área foliar y las dimensiones de la ramas, y regresiones cuadraticas entre biomasa foliar y el diámetro de la copa mostraron altos coeficientes de determinación (0.83>R ²>0,99). Las correlaciones entre biomasa foliar, el DAP y incrementos del DAP fueron generalmente débiles. Las conclusiones de éste estudio parecen válidas tambien para sistemas agroforestales donde las especies estudiadas son plantadas bajo condiciones ecológicas similares para propósitos diferentes de como soportes vivos.

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Regeneration and genetic transformation of Spanish rice cultivars using mature embryos     

M. José Pons  Victòria Marfà  Enric Melé  Joaquima Messeguer 《Euphytica》2000,114(2):117-122

To establish a plant regeneration system from embryogenic callus derived from mature rice embryos, the addition of aminoacids and the effect of two macronutrient solutions MSD and N6D to the basal callus induction medium was tested in three Spanish varieties, Senia, Tebre and Bahia. Aminoacids enhanced the production of embryogenic callus in Tebre and Senia whereas in the case of Bahia, embryogenic callus, which gave rise to a high rate of differentiated shoots, was induced without aminoacids. The macronutrient solution had also to be adjusted for each variety. Pre-regeneration treatment with ABA significantly improved the regeneration rate in all media tested, independently of the media in which the embryogenic callus were induced. In a comparison of growth regulators, BA yielded more shoots than Kin in all varieties whereas the effect of the auxins NAA or IAA was dependent on the variety. Transgenic plants from the three varieties were obtained via an Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation system, using the optimised culture media. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

A comparison of electroejaculation and epididymal sperm collection techniques in stallions          下载免费PDF全文

Cary JA  Madill S  Farnsworth K  Hayna JT  Duoos L  Fahning ML 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2004,45(1):35-41

The purpose of this study was to evaluate 2 methods of semen collection that could be used as terminal procedures in stallions with irreparable conditions, such as fractures or colic. Electroejaculation was attempted under general anesthesia. Forty-eight hours later, the ponies were castrated and 2 different epididymal sperm collection techniques were attempted by using a flushing or floating method. Additionally, the effect of supplemental seminal plasma was evaluated. Experimentally, electroejaculation was found to be a safe but ineffective method of terminal semen collection. Viable sperm cells were successfully recovered with both types of epididymal collection. The flotation method was least cumbersome and showed a tendency to be superior to flushing in terms of sperm motility and percentage of cells passing through glass wool/sephadex filtration, although differences did not reach significance. The addition of seminal plasma to epididymal spermatozoa prior to cryopreservation was of no value. In conclusion, either method of epididymal sperm collection is an acceptable method of terminal semen collection.  相似文献   

Efficacy of spheroplastic and cell-wall competent vaccines for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in experimentally-challenged baby goats     

Hines ME  Stiver S  Giri D  Whittington L  Watson C  Johnson J  Musgrove J  Pence M  Hurley D  Baldwin C  Gardner IA  Aly S 《Veterinary microbiology》2007,120(3-4):261-283

A Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) vaccine that reduced the incidence of clinical disease or reduced fecal shedding of MAP would aid control of Johne's disease (JD). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of four MAP vaccine combinations, including cell-wall competent (CWC) alum adjuvant, CWC-QS21 adjuvant, cell-wall deficient (CWD) alum adjuvant and CWD-QS21 adjuvant vaccines. Eighty baby goats were vaccinated at 1 and 4 weeks of age with one of these vaccines or a sham control vaccine consisting of alum adjuvant. Kids were challenged orally with approximately 6.0 × 10⁹ organisms in four divided doses of 1.5 × 10⁹ organisms using a goat isolate of MAP. Vaccinated challenged and challenged control groups had 10 and 6 kids per group, respectively. Half of the kids within each group were necropsied at either 6 or 9 months post-challenge. Gross and microscopic lesions and relative number of acid-fast bacilli were evaluated and scored at necropsy. Results indicated all challenged kids had some lesions compatible with JD suggesting none of the vaccines prevented infection. Three vaccines (CWC-alum, CWC-QS21 and CWD-QS21) reduced lesion scores by 46–51% at 9 months. CWD-alum vaccine resulted in a more severe (+33.5%) lesion score than sham-vaccinated challenged control. Lesion scores were greater at 9 months than at 6 months post-challenge in the sham-vaccinated challenged group and CWD-alum vaccinated group, while lesion scores were generally stable with remaining vaccines. Mean fecal CFU/g were significantly different across time from challenge to 9-month necropsy (p = 0.043) and the CWC-QS21 vaccine group had a marked reduction in fecal CFU/g at all time points post-challenge. A reduction in MAP CFU/g was also detected in necropsy tissues from kids given the CWC-alum, CWC-QS21 and CWD-QS21 vaccines, and increased CFU/g were detected in tissues from kids given the CWD-alum vaccine. Immunological tests evaluated included, humoral response evaluation by AGID, ELISA and Western blot, and cell mediated response by comparative PPD skin testing (M. avium, Old Johnin, M. bovis and Lot 2 Johnin PPD's), and production of MAP induced γ-interferon. Vaccination also resulted in false-positive PPD skin test reactions for M. avium PPD, Old Johnin PPD and γ-interferon tests. When a 2-mm cutoff above normal skin thickness was used to define positive skin test reactions, false-positive reactions for M. bovis were detected in only 2 of 32 kids given a vaccine with QS21 adjuvant.  相似文献   

Multivariate statistical analysis of the color-anthocyanin relationships in different soilless-grown strawberry genotypes     

Hernanz D  Recamales AF  Meléndez-Martínez AJ  González-Miret ML  Heredia FJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(8):2735-2741

Apart from the need to assess the color of foods due to its preponderant role in their acceptability, there is currently a new trend consisting in the study of the relationships between the color and the pigments accounting for it. The color of five strawberry varieties cultivated in two different soilless systems has been studied, and an array of multivariate statistical methods have been performed to single out the color parameters that best discriminate among the different samples surveyed and to correlate them with the pigment content. It is concluded that there is not a direct relationship between the external and flesh colorations of the berries. Additionally, after discriminant methods were applied, it was noticed that, taking into account the strawberry varieties, >90% of the cases could be correctly classified, a noticeably lower percentage of correct classification (around 60%) being obtained when the type of cultivation system was selected as the criterion for discrimination. The best correlations of pigment-color coordinates were found between pelargonidin-3-rutinoside and the external a* (r= -0.87) followed by pelargonidin-3-glucoside and the internal L* (r= -0.72).  相似文献   

Antiulcer activity of water extract of Scoparia dulcis     

Babincová M  Schronerová K  Sourivong P 《Fitoterapia》2008,79(7-8):587-588

Oral treatment with the water extracts of Scoparia dulcis whole aerial parts, at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, dose dependently inhibited the indomethacin-induced gastric damages in rats.  相似文献   

Rice genotype and fertilizer management for improving rice productivity under saline soil conditions     

Djaman  Koffi  Mel  Valere  Boye  Amith  Diop  Lamine  Manneh  Baboucarr  El-Namaky  Raafat  Koudahe  Komlan  Futakuchi  Koichi 《Paddy and Water Environment》2020,18(1):43-57

Paddy and Water Environment - Soil salinity is a threat to crop production in the Senegal River Delta where salt intrusion increases soil electrical conductivity and most of farmers had abandoned...  相似文献   

晋中东山地区褐土土壤水分特征的测定与应用   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

钟兆站  赵聚宝 《中国农业气象》1996,17(3):1-6

利用压力膜方法测定晋中东山地区褐土的土壤水分，并分析了土壤水分及其能态特征。结果表明：本区土壤水吸力与土壤含水量之间呈明显的幂函数关系，可以用幂函数方程模拟；土壤的当量孔径分布大致随土壤水吸力的增加而减小；土壤的结构性能良好，通气孔隙、毛管孔隙、无效孔隙的当量孔径分布分别占土壤总孔隙度的１８．３％、５１．２％和３０．５％，尤其是毛管孔隙的分布占土壤总孔隙度的一半以上；土壤的比水容量随吸力的增大而迅速减小．当吸力为０．１×１０￣５～０．３×１０￣５ｐａ时，其比水容量的量级为１０￣（－１）［ｍ１／（１０￣５ｐａ·ｇ）］，而当吸力达３×１０￣５～１５×１０￣５ｐａ时，其比水容量的量级下降了１００倍，为１０￣（－３）［ｍｌ／（１０￣５Ｐａ·ｇ）］。表层土壤水分对于作物吸收利用比心土层和底土层更为有效，但深层土壤的持水性能比表层士壤要好。为此，必须提高作物对土壤深层储水的利用。  相似文献