This study examined the succession of fungal communities following fire in a Mediterranean ecosystem dominated by Pinus pinaster Ait. in northwestern Spain. A large wildfire occurred in August 2002. During the autumn seasons from 2003 to 2006, fruiting bodies were collected and identified, production in burned (early stage) and unburned (late stage) areas was measured. For statistical analysis, data were grouped into the following four categories: saprotrophic, mycorrhizal; edible and inedible. A total of 115 fungal taxa were collected during the four sampling periods (85 in the late and 60 in the early stage). The number of mycorrhizal species increased from early to late succession and there were shifts in community composition. After fire, pyrophytic species such as Pholiota carbonaria, Peziza violacea, Rhizopogon luteolus and Rhizopogon sp. appeared. Fire strongly affected the production of fungal species in the studied area. Thus, yields in the early stage treatment were significantly lower than those observed in the late stage. Total fungal fresh weight decreased from 209.95 kg fw ha−1 in the late stage to 162.45 kg fw ha−1in the early stage when richness and production of mycorrhizal species and production of edible fungi were significantly lower. Fresh weight for saprotrophic and inedible species was higher than for mycorrhizal fungi in the early stage treatment. The results obtained can be useful to forest managers for optimization of management and harvesting of these increasingly appreciated non-timber resources. 相似文献
The cover image, by Oscar Fernando Santos‐Amaya et al., is based on the Research Article Fitness costs and stability of Cry1Fa resistance in Brazilian populations of Spodoptera frugiperda, DOI: 10.1002/ps.4312 . Photo Credit: Dr. Oscar Santos‐Amaya.
Individual behavioral types (i.e., personality traits) and their interrelations (i.e., behavioral syndrome) are recognized in arthropods and are of ecological and evolutionary importance. This aspect is also important in applied entomology, as distinct personality types may exhibit different fitness consequences. Here, we attempt to understand how within-population variation in a personality trait responds to selection and affects other personality traits. Our main focus was a quantifiable behavioral trait (i.e., walking velocity), its potential association with other personality traits, and how these traits are related to the reproductive output. The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais), a key pest of stored cereal grains, was used to test these hypotheses, and we detected that walking velocity is amenable to selection in this species. Furthermore, bidirectional selection with regard to walking velocity (i.e., either high or low) had an impact on the behavioral type, thereby allowing the recognition of different behavioral patterns among the strains. The generated multi-dimensional behavioral constructs of personality indicate consistent divergence among the strains with a stronger contribution of the activity dimension. Walking velocity was associated with other behavioral traits, particularly within the activity dimension, indicating the existence of a behavioral syndrome in the maize weevil. Furthermore, this behavioral dimension (i.e., activity), and particularly walking velocity, was associated with the reproductive output of maize weevil. 相似文献
Gilbertella persicaria is a pathogenic fungus recently reported as a causative agent of soft rot in papaya fruits. Here the interactions between G. persicaria and papaya fruits was analyzed under laboratory conditions using histological techniques and optical microscopy to elucidate the process of pathogenesis. Healthy and disinfested fruits of papaya cv. Maradol were also inoculated with a suspension of sporangiospores of G. persicaria. Tissue sections were cut, which were subjected to differential staining with safranin-fast green for different times. Sporangiospores presumably adhered to the cuticle of the fruit by 3 h post inoculation (hpi) and germinated by 6 hpi; invasive intracellular hyphae were growing in host cells by 9 hpi. By 15 hpi, fruit epidermis was macerated, presumably by enzymatic activity reported for mucoral fungal species and appeared as a wet-looking lesion on the cuticle. Fruit mesocarp was colonized by 30 hpi, and asexual reproduction structures had formed by 48 hpi. This process of infection and disease development of G. persicaria in papaya fruits corresponds to that used by pathogens with a necrotrophic lifestyle. 相似文献
