Nutritional characteristics of the leaves of native plants growing in adverse soils of humid tropical lowlands   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Osaki M  Watanabe T  Ishizawa T  Nilnond C  Nuyim T  Shinano T  Urayama M  Tuah SJ 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2003,58(2):93-115

Acid sulfate, peat, sandy podzolic, and saline soils are widely distributed inthe lowlands of Thailand and Malaysia. The nutrient concentrations in theleaves of plants grown in these type of soils were studied with the aim ofdeveloping a nutritional strategy for adapting to such problem soils. In sagoand oil palms that were well-adapted to peat soil, the N, P, and Kconcentrations were the same in the mature leaves, while the Ca, Mg, Na,and Fe concentrations were higher in the mature leaves of the oil palm thanof the sago palm. Melastoma malabathricum and Melaleuca cajuputi plantsthat were well-adapted to low pH soils, peat, and acid sulfate soils were alsostudied. It was observed that a high amount of Al accumulated in the M.marabathricum leaves, while Al did not accumulate in M. cajuputi leaves.M. cajuputi plants accumulated large amounts of Na in their leaves or stemsregardless of the exchangeable Na concentration in the soil, while M.malabathricum that was growing in saline-affected soils excluded Na.Positive relationships between macronutrients were recognized between Pand N, between K and N, and between P and K. Al showed antagonisticrelationships with P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Na. Na also showedantagonistic relationships with P, K, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Al. Fe showed weakantagonistic relationships with Zn, Mn, Cu, and Al.  相似文献   

Clinical and histopathological evaluation of Dermatophagoides farinae-induced dermatitis in NC/Nga mice orally administered Bacillus subtilis     

Goto K  Iwasawa D  Kamimura Y  Yasuda M  Matsumura M  Shimada T 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2011,73(5):649-654

Probiotic strains have been reported to have the ability to control allergic and inflammatory diseases. In this study, we studied the inhibitory effect of Bacillus subtilis (natto) (BS) on atopic dermatitis. The effects of continuous oral administration of BS for 4 weeks on the development of atopic dermatitis induced by Dermatophagoides farinae body antigen (DF) in NC/Nga (NC) mice were evaluated using 4 groups of mice: group (Gp) DF, DF(+) with no administration of bacteria (n=3); Gp DF/BS, DF(+) and BS(+) (n=5); and Gp PBS, DF(-) with no administration of bacteria (n=3). The mice were gavaged with 1.2 × 10(17) CFU/head of BS 6 times a week for 4 weeks, and DF was applied twice a week for 4 weeks. Histopathological examination revealed significant differences in auricular thickness between Gp DF (664.4 μm, SD=78.0) and Gp DF/BS (278.7 μm, SD = 88.8; p<0.01). The dorsal skin of Gp DF/BS (316.7 μm, SD=187.4) was significantly thinner than that of Gp DF (503 μm, SD=116.3). These results suggest that continuous oral administration of fermented food-derived bacteria (BS) can be effective in alleviating the development of skin lesions induced by DF in NC mice.  相似文献   

Isolation and characterization of macrophages from a mixed primary culture of bovine liver cells     

Kitani H  Yoshioka M  Takenouchi T  Sato M  Yamanaka N 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2011,140(3-4):341-345

Previously, we developed a simple and efficient method to isolate liver macrophages from a mixed primary culture of adult rat liver cells. To extend the applicability of this method, we isolated macrophages from mixed primary cultures of bovine liver cells. Macrophage cells proliferated on the cell sheet of mixed bovine liver cells after 8-16d of culture. These cells were detached by shaking of the culture flasks. Subsequent transfer and brief incubation in plastic dishes resulted in selective adhesion of macrophages. After rinses with PBS, attached macrophages were harvested. More than 10(6) cells could be harvested from the culture flask at intervals of 2-3d for more than three weeks. The isolated cells were strongly positive for bovine macrophage markers, such as CD68, CD172a and Iba-1. These cells exhibited functional properties of macrophages, including active phagocytosis of polystyrene microbeads, proliferative response to recombinant bovine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, upregulation of specific inflammatory cytokine genes upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, and formation of multinucleated giant cells. The shaking and attachment method provides a simple and efficient alternative to obtain bovine liver macrophages without requiring complex equipment or specialized technical skills.  相似文献   

Root-shoot interaction as a limiting factor of biomass productivity in new tropical rice lines     

Hiroaki Samejima  Motohiko Kondo  Osamu Ito  Takuhito Nozoe  Takuro Shinano  Mitsuru Osaki 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):545-554

The objective of the present study was to identify the limiting factors in biomass productivity of new tropical rice lines (panicle weight type) by analyzing the relationship between root and shoot activity. Five field experiments using three new lines, IR65598-112-2, IR65600-42-5-2, and IR68544-29-2-1-3-1-2, and one of the highest-yielding indica rice varieties (panicle number type), IR72, were conducted at the International Rice Research Institute from 1997 to 2002. Specific absorption rate of N (SARN , mg N g^-1 root dry weight d^-1), specific stem sap exudation rate (sap exudation rate, g exudate g^-1 root dry weight 12 h^-1) and specific root respiratory rate (root respiratory rate, μmol O₂ g^-1 root dry weight h^-1) were determined as indices of root activity. Relative growth rate (RGR, mg g^-1 d^-1) was used as an index of shoot activity. Compared with IR72, the new lines showed lower RGR and SAR_N values during the early growth stages. In contrast, during the late growth stages, these activities were higher in the new lines than in IR72. The SAR_B and sap exudation rate showed a linear correlation with RGR at successive growth stages, regardless of the genotypes and growth conditions. These findings indicated that active root-shoot interaction was maintained throughout the growth period in high-yielding tropical rice, including the new lines and IR72. Therefore, it was considered that SAR_N and the sap exudation rate are useful indices of root activity regulating RGR in the new lines. However, the root respiratory rate could not be used for selection, because the relationship between RGR and the root respiratory rate changed with the growth conditions. Our findings support the hypothesis that root and shoot activities during maturation are important factors affecting the productivity of the new lines, which have not yet been able to attain the targeted yield.  相似文献   

Varietal difference in radiocesium uptake and transfer from radiocesium deposited soils in the genus Amaranthus     

Takuro Shinano  Toshihiro Watanabe  Qingnan Chu  Mitsuru Osaki  Daisuke Kobayashi  Toshiyasu Okouchi 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(6):809-817

Abstract

Within Amaranthaceae, 33 different varieties, including local varieties from Japan, were grown in 2012 in a field in the town of Iino in the Fukushima prefecture, which is located approximately 51 km north of Tokyo Electric Power Company, Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP). The contamination level of the soil was 2770 ± 140 Bq kg^?1 dry weight (¹³⁴Cesium (Cs) + ¹³⁷Cs, average ± SE), and the field was also cultivated in 2011. There was a significant varietal difference in the dry weight production, radiocesium accumulation and transfer factor (TF) of radiocesium from the soil to the plant. The ratio of the lowest TF to the highest TF was approximately 3. Because the ratio of ¹³⁷Cs to ¹³³Cs was significantly positive, radiocesium seems to be absorbed in a manner similar to that of ¹³³Cs. It is suggested that the varietal difference in the behavior of radiocesium uptake mainly depends on its genetic background rather than on environmental factors.  相似文献   

Changes in radiocesium concentration in a blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum Aiton) orchard resulting from radioactive fallout     

Shinnosuke Kusaba  Kaori Matsuoka  Kazuhiro Abe  Hiroyuki Ajito  Mitsuru Abe  Nobuharu Kihou 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(1):169-173

We investigated changes in the radiocesium concentration in a blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum Aiton) orchard in Fukushima prefecture to clarify the radiocesium contamination for 3 years after the Tokyo Electric Power Company’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident occurred in mid-March 2011. In the aboveground part of blueberry bushes, the concentrations of radiocesium in branches that were directly affected by radioactive fallout were the highest among the samples investigated, and the concentrations in fruits were the lowest. The concentration of radiocesium decreased exponentially in the fruits and leaves over 3 years. The radiocesium concentrations in soils were higher in the surface layer. The amount of radiocesium in organic matter on the soil surface under the canopy greatly decreased from 2011 to 2012. The transfer factor of the radiocesium from soil to blueberry fruits decreased annually. These results suggest that radiocesium adhered directly to the aboveground organs of blueberry bushes in March 2011, and it is possible that the accumulation of radiocesium in fruits is mainly due to radiocesium transfer from the branches and trunk to fruits for several years after the nuclear power plant accident.  相似文献   

Internal Mechanisms of Plant Adaptation to Aluminum Toxicity and Phosphorus Starvation in Three Tropical Forages     

Toshihiro Watanabe  Mitsuru Osaki  Hiromi Yano  Idupulapati M. Rao 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(7):1243-1255

Many tropical forage grasses and legumes grow well in acid soils, adapting to excess aluminum (Al) and phosphorus (P) starvation stresses by using mechanisms that are still unclear. To determine these mechanisms, responses to Al toxicity and P starvation in three tropical forages were studied: two grasses, Brachiaria hybrid cv. ‘Mulato’ (B. ruziziensis clone 44-06 × B. brizantha cv. ‘Marandú’) and Andropogon gayanus, and one legume, Arachis pintoi. The tropical grasses tolerated high levels of Al toxicity and P starvation, with the Brachiaria hybrid maintaining very low levels of Al concentration in shoots. ²⁷Al Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) analysis revealed that, in the Brachiaria hybrid, Al makes complexes with some ligands such as organic-acid anions in the root symplast. The forages probably adapted to P starvation through high P-use efficiency. These experiments provide the first direct evidence we know of that organic acid anions within root tissue help detoxify Al in non-accumulator species such as the Brachiaria hybrid.  相似文献   

Mechanisms of Aluminum Tolerance in Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Transgenic Rice     

Hasna Hena Begum  Mitsuru Osaki  Toshihiro Watanabe  Takuro Shinano 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(1):84-96

Transgenic rice, in which C4-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is overexpressed, was grown in hydroponic culture to evaluate its tolerance for high aluminum (Al) content in relation to organic acid synthesis and exudation into the rhizosphere. With regard to root growth in short-term experiments, PEPC-transgenic rice was more tolerant of Al than the wild type. At increased Al levels in the root medium, root tips of the transgenic rice accumulated less Al than those of the wild type. Aluminum-induced oxalate exudation from roots occurred at increased rates in the transgenic line. Overexpression of C4-PEPC drastically increased PEPC activity in leaves of the transgenic rice, causing higher organic acid concentrations in leaves and roots. The increased organic acid concentrations seemed to cause higher exudation rates of oxalate from roots, leading to a detoxification of Al in the root apoplast and rhizosphere.  相似文献   

Some characteristics of the humus in soil types (part 3) composition groups of humus     

Mitsuru Harada 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(1):73-79

In most literature on soil, the term humus has been used as synonymous with soil organic matter, on the other hand, it has been applied to a portion of soil organic matter that has decomposed and has lost the structure of the original matter, from which it has derived. Scheffer and Schachtschabel ¹⁾ defined the humus not synonymously with soil organic matter, but, in a broad sense, as all the dead organic substances which are accumulated on the soil surface as well as in the soil layer, and undergo continually decomposition, alteration, and synthetic reactions. According to them, the composition groups of humus are divided into non-humic and humic, and the latter group is sub-divided into (1) fulvic acid and humo-lignin acid, (2) humic acid, (3) humin, and (4) humus coal. Some natures of these composition groups of humus are shown in Table 1.  相似文献   

Water penetration into rice grains during soaking observed by gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3  

Akemi K. Horigane  Hitoshi Takahashi  Sachio Maruyama  Ken&#x;ichi Ohtsubo  Mitsuru Yoshida 《Journal of Cereal Science》2006,44(3):307-316

The water penetration into a rice grain during soaking was monitored by three-dimensional gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging, which has the advantage of a short measurement time and a sufficient sensitivity for low-moisture samples. The water penetration route was compared between the milled and brown rice grains of two japonica cultivars. In normal milled rice grains of Koshihikari, water first penetrated the ventral side surface and the embryo attachment site of the endosperm, then migrated along the central line and transverse cracks, and finally diffused to all parts of the endosperm. In milled rice grains of Yamadanishiki with a white core, water quickly infiltrated into the cracks or chalky parts on the dorsiventral line and then diffused to the lateral side. In brown rice grains of both cultivars water penetrated extremely slowly and did not infiltrate directly into transverse cracks or the white core due to inhibition by the pericarp and seed coat. The central part of every grain allowed more water to penetrate. The route, pattern and speed of water penetration were determined by the morphological structure, crack formation and hardness distribution associated with the packing of the starch granules in the grain.  相似文献