Identity: key to children's understanding of belief     

Perner J  Mauer MC  Hildenbrand M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6041):474-477

Is knowledge structured and acquired as independent facts and concepts, as parcels of independent domains, or as domains that share conceptual abilities? For an answer, we looked at the development of two concepts, belief and identity. These concepts are not part of the same domain, but the application of both depends on the common ability to separate sense from reference. We show that both capacities become functional between the ages of 3 and 5 years, which provides empirical support for the contention that deep conceptual structures play an important role in cognitive development.  相似文献   

Effect of decorin and selected glycosylation inhibitors on the adhesion of caruncular epithelial cells of pregnant cows—part I     

Monika Jamioł  Jacek Wawrzykowski  Kamila Bulak  Marta Kankofer 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2021,56(5):703-712

Adhesion process ensures the formation of the appropriate connection between mother and foetus during placentation and further placental development, which determines physiological pregnancy course. Extracellular matrix of foetal membranes are a rich source of biologically active proteins, the synthesis of which is regulated by hormones. Depending on the stage of pregnancy, the protein profile of the placenta changes, thanks to which its remodelling is possible. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of decorin, as well as selected glycosylation inhibitors on the adhesion of caruncular epithelial cells derived from cows during pregnancy. Placental cells were isolated from healthy, pregnant (2nd and 4th month) cows after slaughter, which allowed for the establishment of 4 primary cell cultures without visible cells of fibroblast morphology. The presence of decorin in cell monolayer and cell lysates was determined by the use of immunocytochemistry and Western blotting, respectively. The viability of cells was evaluated by MTT assay. The adhesion of cells to fibronectin was measured spectrophotometrically. Protein N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation have a modulating effect on the adhesion and viability of placental cells during early–mid pregnancy. Decorin and tunicamycin were shown to have anti-adhesive properties with respect to caruncular cells of the pregnant bovine uterus.  相似文献   

Characteristics of complete tibial fractures in California racehorses     

Monika A. Samol  Francisco A. Uzal  Ashley E. Hill  Rick M. Arthur  Susan M. Stover 《Equine veterinary journal》2021,53(5):911-922

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A note on the reduction of runoff from crusted soils by earthworm burrows and artificial channels     

Christian H. Roth  Monika Joschko 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1991,154(2):101-105

The aim of this study was to determine the order of magnitude in which earthworm channels can contribute to the reduction of runoff during simulated rainfall. Two sets of experiments were carried out, the first using soil columns (Ap-horizon of a Luvisol) in which endogeic earthworms had dug channels through previously produced surface seals, the second set consisting of runoff boxes, where artificial channels were made with a needle following a rainfall application that had also produced a pronounced surface seal. In all cases, the persistance of open earthworm burrows led to a considerable decrease in runoff. It was observed that channels smaller than 5 mm in diameter were resealed within the first 15 minutes of rainfall, and did not contribute to percolation in the experiment with soil columns. In the experiment with the runoff boxes, a highly significant correlation was found between number of open channels and runoff rate, the treatments with a slope of 5% and a rainfall intensity of 30 mm/h showing a greater effect when compared to the treatment with 10% slope and an intensity of 60mm/h.  相似文献   

Effect of methionine foliar fertilization on glucosinolate concentration in broccoli and radish. Auswirkungen einer Methionin‐Blattdüngung auf die Glucosinolatkonzentration in Brokkoli und Radies     

E. Thomas Scheuner  Stefanie Schmidt  Angelika Krumbein  Ilona Schonhof  Monika Schreiner 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2005,168(2):275-277

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Relative quantification of N(epsilon)-(Carboxymethyl)lysine,imidazolone A,and the Amadori product in glycated lysozyme by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry     

Kislinger T  Humeny A  Peich CC  Zhang X  Niwa T  Pischetsrieder M  Becker CM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(1):51-57

The nonenzymatic glycation of proteins by reducing sugars, also known as the Maillard reaction, has received increasing recognition from nutritional science and medical research. In this study, we applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) to perform relative and simultaneous quantification of the Amadori product, which is an early glycation product, and of N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine and imidazolone A, two important advanced glycation end products. Therefore, native lysozyme was incubated with d-glucose for increasing periods of time (1, 4, 8, and 16 weeks) in phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.8 at 50 degrees C. After enzymatic digestion with endoproteinase Glu-C, the N-terminal peptide fragment (m/z 838; amino acid sequence KVFGRCE) and the C-terminal peptide fragment (m/z 1202; amino acid sequence VQAWIRGCRL) were used for relative quantification of the three Maillard products. Amadori product, N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine, and imidazolone A were the main glycation products formed under these conditions. Their formation was dependent on glucose concentration and reaction time. The kinetics were similar to those obtained by competitive ELISA, an established method for quantification of N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine and imidazolone A. Inhibition experiments showed that coincubation with N(alpha)-acetylargine suppressed formation of imidazolone A but not of the Amadori product or N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine. The presence of N(alpha)-acetyllysine resulted in the inhibition of lysine modifications but in higher concentrations of imidazolone A. o-Phenylenediamine decreased the yield of the Amadori product and completely inhibited the formation of N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine and imidazolone A. MALDI-TOF-MS proved to be a new analytical tool for the simultaneous, relative quantification of specific products of the Maillard reaction. For the first time, kinetic data of defined products on specific sites of glycated protein could be measured. This characterizes MALDI-TOF-MS as a valuable method for monitoring the Maillard reaction in the course of food processing.  相似文献   

Experiences with Novel Approaches in Earthworm Testing Alternatives (7 pp)     

Kerstin?Hund-RinkeEmail author  Monika?Lindemann  Markus?SimonEmail author 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2005,5(4):233-239

Goal, Scope and Background   The earthworm avoidance test is a sensitive screening test. Currently, two test designs, a two-chamber system and a six-chamber system, are under standardization. In the scope of the present study, the two test systems are compared. To assess the results, two procedures are applied, which are based on a threshold value and a statistical method. Moreover, the sensitivity of the avoidance test is compared with the sensitivity of the reproduction test. Methods   The avoidance behaviour of E. fetida towards five chemicals (Cd, Cu, PCP, TBT, TNT) was tested in a sandy and a loamy soil. The ecotoxicological test was performed according to the draft guideline ISO/DIS 17512-1. The results were compared with the number of offspring determined in the reproduction test carried out according to ISO 11268-2. Results and Discussion   The results demonstrate that the avoidance behaviour towards organic chemicals and heavy metals is a suitable screening method showing first tendencies of a chemical's effects on the habitat function of soils. Effects caused by chemical substances become visible at low concentrations and within short test periods. The sensitivity of the reproduction test and the avoidance test is principally comparable; in some cases, the avoidance test showed more sensitive reactions. The dose-response-relationships were more pronounced in the two-chamber test than in the six-chamber-system. Recommendation and Outlook   The two-chamber-system proved to be more feasible than the six-chamber-system. As the sensitivity of the avoidance test and the reproduction test is comparable, the avoidance test can be considered as a suitable screening test as well. A possible field of application may be the selection of soil samples for which the reproduction assay seems necessary. To assess contaminated or remediated soils, the earthworm reproduction test is recommended as an indicator for the habitat function of the soils. To reduce costs, the labour intensive reproduction test could be largely replaced by the avoidance test in performing the earth-worm reproduction test only for relevant samples. Before the Draft International Standard of the guideline will be adopted as an ISO Guideline, there will be sufficient time left to gain further international experience required to finalize the method.  相似文献   

A classification scheme for earthworm populations (Lumbricidae) in cultivated agricultural soils in Brandenburg,Germany     

Stefanie Krück  Monika Joschko  Rüdiger Schultz‐Sternberg  Brbel Kroschewski  Joachim Tessmann 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2006,169(5):651-660

Earthworm activity is observed at long‐term monitoring sites as an indicator of soil function to assess changes resulting from environmental and management conditions. In order to assess changes, characteristic values of earthworm populations under different site conditions have to be known. Therefore, a classification scheme for site‐specific earthworm populations was developed for soil in agricultural use, taking interactions between earthworm populations and soil properties into account. Characteristics of sites grouped by means of a cluster analysis after principal‐component analysis served as a basis for the derivation of the classification scheme. Soil variables found to characterize site differences with respect to earthworm populations were the texture of the topsoil, the texture of the subsoil, and the soil organic‐matter (SOM) content. The textural classes of the topsoil were divided into five groups comprising sandy soils (Ss), silty sand soils (Su), slightly loamy sand soils (Sl2), medium to strongly loamy sand soils (Sl3/Sl4), and loam and clay soils. Soil organic matter was divided into grades of equal size in a range from <1%, 1%–2% up to >6%. The variables “earthworm abundance” and “earthworm species” were selected to represent earthworm populations and were divided into six groups ranging from very low to extremely high. Defined groups of earthworm populations showed a clear structure in relation to soil textural groups and the content of SOM. From this distribution, a classification scheme was derived as basis for prognostic values of site‐specific earthworm populations, thus enabling the interpretation of changes over time. For some soil textural groups, selected variables appeared to enable the derivations of expected earthworm densities and species composition outside the range of the given database, but for some soil textural groups, broader databases will be needed to specify these derivations.  相似文献   

Maillard reaction products inhibit oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins in vitro   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Dittrich R  El-Massry F  Kunz K  Rinaldi F  Peich CC  Beckmann MW  Pischetsrieder M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(13):3900-3904

Dietary intake of antioxidants has been associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases, which is very likely caused by their capability of prevent oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). During food processing and storage, substances with antioxidative properties are formed by Maillard reactions. In this study, the activity of Maillard products to inhibit copper-induced oxidation of human LDL in vitro was investigated. d-Glucose was heated with an equimolar amount of glycine, l-lysine, or l-arginine, for 1 h under reflux. The increase of the antioxidative activity (AOA) of the Maillard mixtures was highly significant compared to the control mixtures. Additionally, two defined Maillard products with amino reductone structure were tested. 3-Hydroxy-4-(morpholino)-3-buten-2-one (1) and amino hexose reductone (2) showed a significant and dose dependent AOA. Compound 1 was about half as active as ascorbic acid, which served as positive control. Thus, it can be concluded that Maillard products, particularly those with amino reductone structure, have the strong potential to inhibit LDL oxidation.  相似文献   

Identification and characterization of RAPD and SCAR markers linked to anthracnose resistance gene in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]     

Monika Singh  K. Chaudhary  H. R. Singal  C. W. Magill  K. S. Boora 《Euphytica》2006,152(1):139-139

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