Establishment of two indigenous timber species in dairy pastures in Costa Rica     

A. Moulaert  J.P. Mueller  M. Villarreal  R. Piedra  L. Villalobos 《Agroforestry Systems》2002,54(1):31-40

A silvopastoral model that combines the production of pasture herbage with valuable native timber species has potential to simultaneously address the multiple goals of reforestation, conservation of native species and enterprise intensification. The objective of this study was to design, establish and monitor early growth of a silvopastoral experiment on a dairy farm in the north Atlantic zone of Costa Rica. Two indigenous timber species, Vochysia guatemalensis and Hyeronima alchorneoides were planted with and without the tropical pasture legume, Arachis pintoi in a split plot design, (2 × 2) factorial arrangement of treatments with four replications. After the first two years, V. guatemalensis was significantly taller (3.1 m) than H. alchorneoides (2.5 m). The mean root collar diameter for V. guatemalensis was significantly larger (6.5 cm) than H. alchorneoides (4.5 cm). Two-year establishment was acceptable for the tree component (83 to 85% survival) but poor for A. pintoi (2 to 8% of the sward). The most important pest affecting the establishment of the timber species was the leaf cutter ant, Atta cephalotes. An insect larvae, Cosmopterix sp., severely damaged 39% of the V. guatemalensis trees by repeatedly attacking their apical meristems. The two-year establishment data was insufficient to accurately predict future wood volume. A hypothetical economic analysis concluded that the silvopastoral system must average at least 1.2 m³ wood volume/paddock/year (20 m³/ha/year) throughout the first ten years of growth to assure a positive economic return from timber. The experiment is planned for a ten year period, which corresponds to the estimated rotation length for harvesting the timber species. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

A Preliminary Study of the Spatial Variation in Growth of Raft-Cultured Blue Mussels Mytilus trossulus in Northern Puget Sound, Washington     

Karl W.  Mueller 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1996,27(2):240-246

Abstract.– The effects of culture rope density (high and low), position (inside, middle. and outside), and depth (1, 3, and 5 m) on growth rates, expressed as mean shell length increase (mm) per day, were quantified in raft-cultured blue mussels Mytilus trossulus in northern Puget Sound during the fall of 1993. Growth rates differed by as much as 20% after the 90-d experimental period, and varied significantly according to culture rope position, but not according to culture rope density or depth. Furthermore, a three-way analysis of variance revealed a significant first-order interaction effect, culture rope density × depth. The significant culture rope position effect was due to the higher growth rate (mean ± SEM) of mussels on outside culture ropes (0.199 ± 0.009 mm/d) compared to inside culture ropes (0.168 ± 0.007 mm/d). The interaction effect was due to the significantly higher growth rates of mussels at I and 3 m (0.197 ± 0.009 and 0.204 ± 0.011 mm/d, respectively) compared to 5 m (0.162 ± 0.014 mm/d) under low culture rope density conditions, and the significantly higher growth rate of mussels at 3 m under low culture rope density conditions (0.204 ± 0.011 mm/d) compared to high culture rope density conditions (0.168 ± 0.012 mm/d). Practical raft management is affected by such variation in growth. Commercial mussel growers may find it necessary to alter their culture methods to insure a more uniform product from seed to harvest.  相似文献   

Suspected Sarcocystis encephalitis in a stillborn kid     

JT MACKIE  RS RAHALEY  R NUGENT 《Australian veterinary journal》1992,69(5):114-115

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RESUME:Agricultural Meteorology for the Purpose of Integrated Control     

W. Mueller 《EPPO Bulletin》1974,4(3):355-356

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The development of a specific appetite for calcium in growing broiler chicks 1     

I. G. Joshua  W. J. Mueller 《British poultry science》1979,20(5):481-490

1. Growing broilers were fed on a calcium‐deficient diet and allowed access to a separate calcium source.

2. When housed in a group, they consumed enough from the calcium source to supplement their diet adequately.

3. Caging individually inhibited the development of the calcium appetite in most birds even with visual contact between birds and colour cues to the calcium supplement.

4. Birds which had learned to consume a calcium supplement in a group continued to consume the supplement after being caged individually. Intake of the calcium source decreased immediately after the calcium‐deficient diet was replaced with one adequate in calcium, suggesting the existence of a physiological control mechanism for calcium intake.  相似文献   

P-76 The effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on cutaneous and plasma fatty acid concentrations in dogs with atopic dermatitis     

R. S. Mueller  M. J. Fettman  K. Richardson  R. A. Hansen  A. Miller  J. Magowitz  G. K. Ogilvie 《Veterinary dermatology》2004,15(S1):65-65

The objectives of this study were to evaluate in vivo tolerance, and antimicrobial and clinical activities of a topical otic preparation containing EDTA tromethamine (Tris) and chlorhexidine digluconate 0.15% solution (Otodine^®) in dogs with chronic bacterial otitis externa. Eleven dogs were included. The affected ears were filled with the solution once daily during a 2-week period. Dogs were evaluated on days 0, 14 and 28. Three clinical parameters (exudate, erythema, pain) and three cytologic parameters ( Malassezia , cocci, rods) were scored (0–4 scale) by otoscopic and cytological examinations of otic exudate. Bacterial cultures were performed at each time point. If there were bacteria on cytological examination on day 14, the dogs were treated with the original product, with the addition of enrofloxacin (5%) applied 10 min after the original product, for a further 2 weeks. All 11 cases yielded isolates of resistant gram-negative bacteria; gram-positive bacteria were also isolated from six of 11 dogs. On day 14, six of 11 dogs were negative on culture examination; on day 28, 10 of 11 were negative and only one case had a positive culture. On day 14, clinical and microbial scores (cytology) were reduced by 54.6 and 71.1%, respectively, and by 85.7 and 94% on day 28. All cases reported good tolerance of the treatment. The results show that this ear solution was helpful in the management of chronic bacterial otitis externa in dogs and was well tolerated. There seems to be a synergistic effect of the combination of Tris-EDTA/chlorhexidine digluconate 0.15% solution, and an antimicrobial agent (enrofloxacin) against resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Funding: Self-funded.  相似文献   

P‐53
Histopathologic evaluation of feline plasmacytic pododermatitis     

S.V. Bettenay  R. S. Mueller 《Veterinary dermatology》2004,15(Z1):58-58

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histopathologic changes seen in feline plasmacytic pododermatitis in an attempt to correlate clinical response with any specific histopathologic feature, and to evaluate these specimens for possible infectious organisms. Fourteen skin biopsies from cats with plasmacytic pododermatitis and a clinical follow‐up of 12–36 months were included in the study. Sections were stained with H&E as well as with a polyclonal anti‐Mycobacterium bovis [Bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG)] antibody cross‐reactive to a broad spectrum of fungi and bacteria. Sections stained with the anti‐BCG antibody were graded as positive or negative. Inflammatory cell types and density, overall pattern, and the presence or involvement of adnexal structures were assessed in sections stained with H&E. All sections were negative for organisms within the actual footpad tissue with the anti‐BCG antibody stains. Two samples revealed a few foci of cocci on the outer surface of the ulcers. Funding: Self‐funded.  相似文献   

FC‐18
Pemphigus foliaceus in 97 dogs     

R. S. Mueller  I. Krebs  H. T. Power  K. V. Fieseler 《Veterinary dermatology》2004,15(Z1):26-26

Medical records of 97 dogs with pemphigus foliaceus were evaluated. The average age of onset was 6.3 years (range 0.5–16 years). Crusts were the most common lesions in 79 dogs; pustules were observed in 36 dogs. No gender predisposition was identified. The trunk was the most commonly involved area (51 dogs), followed by the inner pinnae (46), dorsal muzzle (37), footpads (32), periocular area (26), outer pinnae (23) and planum nasale (23). Facial involvement only was noted in 15 dogs. Of the 48 dogs in which cytology was recorded, concurrent infections were identified in 32 dogs, acantholytic cells were seen in 37 dogs, numerous neutrophils in 35 dogs, and numerous eosinophils in eight cases. Final control of the disease was achieved with: glucocorticoids (24 dogs); azathioprine (9); chlorambucil (1); aurothioglucose (1); a combination of glucocorticoids and azathioprine (31); glucocorticoids and aurothioglucose (2); tetracycline/doxycycline and niacinamide (8); prednisolone, tetracycline and niacinamide (1); fatty acid supplementation (2); and tacrolimus (1). One dog was completely tapered off drugs and stayed in remission. Average time to improvement was 6 weeks, and average time to remission was 9.3 months. Forty‐three dogs were followed for <12 months, and 12 of these were euthanized: eight for other diseases and four due to a lack of response or adverse effects of treatment. In 54 dogs, the follow up was >12 months; four of these dogs were euthanized (one due to an unrelated cause, one due to neoplastic disease and two related to pemphigus foliaceus). Funding: Self‐funded.  相似文献   

Determination of CADESI-03 thresholds for increasing severity levels of canine atopic dermatitis     

Olivry T  Mueller R  Nuttall T  Favrot C  Prélaud P;International Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis 《Veterinary dermatology》2008,19(3):115-119

To evaluate the extent and severity of skin lesions in clinical trials enrolling dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD), the International Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis recently recommended the use of the third version of the CADESI. This version of the CADESI was found to exhibit acceptable content, construct, criterion, inter- and intraobserver reliability and sensitivity to change. The current study was aimed at determining optimal CADESI-03 cut-off points to separate AD severity categories for future clinical trials. One hundred and eight dogs with AD were selected based on current diagnosis standards. At one or more visits, clinicians subjectively rated the severity of AD as 'in remission', 'mild', 'moderate' or 'severe', and a CADESI-03 score was then determined. In all, 158 CADESI-03 values were recorded and divided among the four disease severity categories. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves were generated at increasing cut-off values to determine the benchmark that would offer optimal sensitivity and specificity between adjacent categories. Cut-offs of 16, 60 and 120 are proposed at the interface of remission, mild, moderate and severe categories, respectively. Proposed intervals therefore are: remission: 0-15; mild AD: 16-59; moderate AD: 60-119; and severe AD: >/= 120. This Task Force recommends that, whenever applicable and relevant, subgroup analyses of outcome measures, based on disease severity as determined with these cut-off CADESI-03 values, be preplanned for clinical trials enrolling dogs with AD. Such subgroup analyses could help determine whether specific interventions might be more effective in a particular subset of atopic dogs.  相似文献   

Diversity of condensed tannin structures affects rumen in vitro methane production in sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) accessions          下载免费PDF全文

B. Hatew  C. Hayot Carbonero  E. Stringano  L. F. Sales  L. M. J. Smith  I. Mueller‐Harvey  W. H. Hendriks  W. F. Pellikaan 《Grass and Forage Science》2015,70(3):474-490

Sainfoin is a non‐bloating temperate forage legume with a moderate‐to‐high condensed tannin (CT) content. This study investigated whether the diversity of sainfoin accessions in terms of CT structures and contents could be related to rumen in vitro gas and methane (CH₄) production and fermentation characteristics. The aim was to identify promising accessions for future investigations. Accessions differed (P < 0·0001) in terms of total gas and CH₄ productions. Fermentation kinetics (i.e. parameters describing the shape of the gas production curve and half‐time gas production) for CH₄ production were influenced by accession (P ≤ 0·038), but not by PEG. Accession, PEG and time affected (P < 0·001) CH₄ production, but accession and PEG interaction showed only a tendency (P = 0·08). Increase in CH₄ due to PEG addition was not related to CT content. Further analysis of the relationships among multiple traits (nutritional composition, CT structure and CH₄ production) using principal component analysis (PCA) based on optimally weighted variables revealed differences among accessions. The first two principal component axes, PC1 (57·6%) and PC2 (18·4%), explained 76·0% of the total variation among accessions. Loading of biplots derived from both PCAs made it possible to establish a relationship between the ratio of prodelphinidin:procyanidin (PD:PC) tannins and CH₄ production in some accessions. The PD:PC ratio seems to be an important source of variation that is negatively related to CH₄ production. These results suggested that sainfoin accessions collected from across the world exhibited substantial variation in terms of their effects on rumen in vitro CH₄ production, revealing some promising accessions for future investigations.  相似文献