Geospatial genetics: Integrating genetics into marine protection and spatial planning     

Francine Kershaw  Will McClintock  Kimberly R. Andrews  Federico G. Riet-Sapriza  Susana Caballero  Michael J. Tetley  Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara  Erich Hoyt  Grace Goldberg  Emily Chou  Kelsey Kane-Ritsch  Howard C. Rosenbaum 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(9):2440-2458

1. The protection of evolutionary processes and maintenance of genetic diversity is necessary for the persistence of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. The importance of genetic diversity has been reflected in a range of marine policy mechanisms, and the genetic ‘toolbox’ has great potential to support marine protection and marine spatial planning (MSP) at multiple scales. Despite scientific advances in the application of genetics in marine protection and management, systematic integration of genetic information has been generally lacking, primarily due to a knowledge and communication disconnect between geneticists and the marine policy and management community.
2. To meet these outstanding needs, a ‘geospatial genetics’ approach to spatially map species-specific genetic data and associated information in a way that can be readily integrated by practitioners into marine protection and MSP decisions was developed. Techniques to derive geospatial genetic data layers, which can be viewed and mapped alongside other kinds of spatial data commonly used by conservation practitioners, hold promise for increasing the accessibility of genetic data to support policy decisions more fully.
3. While applicable to many mobile and sessile taxa, an initial focus was placed on marine mammals, and the approach was developed and refined through a series of international meetings and published papers, as well as the development of interactive, expert-reviewed case studies hosted on the MSP tool SeaSketch.
4. Outcomes of the work to date are currently serving in the policy arena by informing the identification of Important Marine Mammal Areas, an initiative led by the IUCN Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force to apply criteria to identify marine mammal habitats across the world's ocean, seas and relevant inland waters through a standardized process.
5. It has become clear that geospatial genetics has great potential to foster increased collaboration among an intersectional community of geneticists, spatial ecologists, and practitioners. This increased opportunity for dialogue and cooperation will help ensure that evolutionary processes are factored into marine protection and MSP processes, and potentially for freshwater and terrestrial systems.

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Flounder metamorphosis: its regulation by various hormones   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Evelyn Grace de Jesus  Tetsuya Hirano  Yasao Inui 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):323-328

Metamorphosis in the flounder has often been compared with the transition of tadpoles into frogs. The dorsal fin rays of the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) elongate during prometamorphosis when thyroid hormone levels are low, and are resorbed during metamorphic climax when thyroid hormone levels are high. Using an in vitro system for the culture of the flounder fin rays, we have examined how various hormones affect the resorption process. Both thyroxine (T₄) and triiodothyronine (T₃) directly stimulated fin ray shortening, T₃ being more potent than T₄. Other hormones, such as prolactin, cortisol and sex steroids, did not directly affect the resorption process but modified the tissue's response to thyroid hormones. Similar observations were obtained from in vivo studies. We also monitored the changes in the whole body concentrations of various hormones during early development and metamorphosis, and related these with the thyroid hormone profiles in order to get a better picture of their interactions. The gaps in the present status of research on the role of thyroid hormones during metamorphosis in the Japanese flounder are also discussed.  相似文献   

Inheritance in Solanum aethiopicum,the scarlet eggplant     

Richard N. Lester  Grace N. W. Thitai 《Euphytica》1989,40(1-2):67-74

Summary Analyses of F₁ and F₂ hybrid progenies from crosses between the ancestral species Solanum anguivi and cultivars of its domesticated derivative S. aethiopicum, have proved the mode of inheritance of prickles, stellate hairs and some other morphological characters and suggested the mode for several more. Most wild-type traits were dominant: many recessive domesticated traits involved imperfect morphogenesis suggesting loss of genetic control. F₁ hybrids between cultivars show marked heterosis and are recommended for crop production.  相似文献   

Atmospheric mercury in northern Wisconsin: Sources and species     

Carl H. Lamborg  William F. Fitzgerald  Grace M. Vandal  Kristofer R. Rolfhus 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,80(1-4):189-198

The atmospheric chemistry, deposition and transport of mercury (Hg) in the Upper Great Lakes region is being investigated at a near-remote sampling location in northern Wisconsin. Intensive sampling over two years and various seasons has been completed. A multi-phase collection strategy (gas-, particle- and precipitation-phases) was employed to gain insight into the processes controlling concentrations and chemical/physical speciation of atmospheric Hg. Additional chemical and physical atmospheric determinations (e.g. ozone, particulate constituents, meteorology) were also made during these periods to aid in the interpretation of the Hg determinations. For example, correlations of Hg with ozone, sulfur dioxide and synopticscale meteorological features suggest a regionally discernible signal in Hg. Comparison to isosigma backward air parcel trajectories confirms this regionality and implicates the areas south, southeast and northwest of the site to be sources for Hg. Particle-phase Hg (Hg_p) was found to be approximately 40% in an oxidized form, or operationally defined as “reactive”. However, this was quite variable from year-to-year. Hg_p and other particle constituents (esp. sulfate) show significant correlation and similarity in behavior (concentration ratios in precipitation and in particles). These observations are part of the growing evidence to support the hypothesis that precipitation-phase Hg arises in large part from the scavenging of atmospheric particulates bearing Hg. Observed concentrations of rain and particle-Hg fit broadly the theoretical expectations for nucleation and below-cloud scavenging. Significant increases in the Hg/aerosol mass ratio appear to take place during transport. Enrichment of aerosols is taken as evidence of gas/particle conversion which could represent the step linking gas-phase Hg with rain. The refined budget indicates ca. 24% of total deposition is from summer particle dry deposition, and that this deposition also contributes ca. 24% of all reactive Hg deposition. Additionally, almost all (86%) deposition (wet and dry) occurs during the summer months.  相似文献   

Plasma indicators of muscle damage in a model of nutritional myopathy in weaner sheep     

GM SMITH  JM FRY  JG ALLEN  ND COSTA† 《Australian veterinary journal》1994,71(1):12-17

SUMMARY Subclinical nutritional myopathy was induced in 5-month-old sheep by feeding them a diet low in vitamin E and selenium. Subsequently clinical myopathy was induced by dosing with protected polyunsaturated fatty acids. Plasma activities of creatine kinase (CK), pyruvate kinase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase and aldolase, enzymes of muscle origin, all remained above their reference ranges in clinically affected sheep, but fluctuated widely. Similar fluctuations occurred in subclinically affected animals, resulting in some activities being within the reference ranges and some above, at different times. Plasma malondialdehyde, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, proved of no diagnostic value. Terminal plasma CK activities were significantly correlated with microscopic damage in the vastus lateralis (VL), but not the vastus intermedius (VI) or the tensor fascia lata (TFL) muscles. AST was the most highly correlated with damage in VI and VL. In two clinically affected sheep successfully treated with an oral dose of α-tocopherol actetate all enzymes decreased steadily to within their reference ranges, at rates probably related to their plasma half-lives. These results suggest that measurement of plasma CK activity would be useful in monitoring recovery of treated sheep.  相似文献   

The effect of maternal illness on perinatal health   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

C A Johnson  J A Grace  M R Probst 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》1987,17(3):555-566

Only healthy animals should be included in a breeding program. The potential effects of maternal illness and therapeutic agents on the fetus or neonate are often ignored until veterinary assistance becomes an absolute necessity. We must be mindful of these effects in order to minimize maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.  相似文献   

Rickets in alpacas (Lama pacos) in New Zealand     

Hill EI  Thompson KG  Grace ND 《New Zealand veterinary journal》1994,42(2):75

Abstract Rickets was diagnosed in two weaner alpacas showing ill thrift and lameness during the winter of 1992, from a flock at AgResearch Flock House. Affected alpacas had abnormally shaped ribs with occasional healing fractures, irregular thickening of growth plates and metaphyseal haemorrhages. The mean serum phosphorus concentrations of the alpacas fell during June and July, even though lambs grazing the same pasture had normal serum phosphorus concentrations and the phosphorus concentration of the pasture was considered adequate. Vitamin D deficiency may also have contributed to the osteodystrophy. The alpacas had a thick fleece during the winter, and diurnal Vitamin D3 synthesis resulting from solar irradiation is likely to have been minimal, especially considering the reduced sunshine hours recorded during the 1992 winter. Surviving alpacas recovered after treatment with monosodium phosphate and an oral Vitamin D supplement.  相似文献   

Variations in the immune response to herpesvirus saimiri in squirrel and rhesus monkeys     

Giancarlo Pizza  Paul H Levine  Dharam V Ablashi  Gary Armstrong  Zakir Bengali  Grace B Cannon 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》1982,5(4):437-446

Humoral and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), an oncogenic lymphotropic herpesvirus, was studied in squirrel and rhesus monkeys. Natural antibody to HVS was found in five of six squirrel monkeys but there was no evidence of specific CMI directed against HVS. Rhesus monkeys did not show natural antibody or CMI against HVS antigens. Immunization with HVS, however, produced both antibody and specific CMI in the rhesus monkeys, but no CMI developed in the squirrel monkeys. These findings are important in the development of animal models for the treatment of tumors associated with lymphotropic herpesviruses.  相似文献   

Determining the Prevalence and Seasonality of Fasciola hepatica in Pasture-based Dairy herds in Ireland using a Bulk Tank Milk ELISA     

Yris Bloemhoff  Andrew Forbes  Martin Danaher  Barbara Good  Eric Morgan  Grace Mulcahy  Mary Sekiya  Ríona Sayers 《Irish veterinary journal》2015,68(1)

Background

Fasciola hepatica is a helminth parasite of global importance in livestock, with major economic impact. However information on F. hepatica infections in Irish pasture-based dairy herds is limited. Therefore this study was conducted in order to determine the prevalence, seasonality and management factors associated with F. hepatica. A total of 319 Irish dairy herds were selected for this study. Bulk tank milk (BTM) samples were collected from 290 dairy farms on a quarter year basis, while from a further 29 dairy farms BTM samples were collected on a monthly basis to provide a more detailed pattern of F. hepatica exposure in Irish herds. BTM samples were analysed using a commercially available F. hepatica antibody detection ELISA. Furthermore, within-herd prevalence of F. hepatica was assessed in a subset of these 29 herds (n = 17); both individual serum samples and bulk tank milk samples were collected.

Results

A within-herd prevalence of ≤ 50 % was found for herds with negative bulk tank milk samples. The mean prevalence of the 290 study herds was 75.4 % (Range 52 %–75.1 %), with the highest prevalence being observed in November (75.1 %). The seasonal pattern of F. hepatica shows elevated antibodies as the grazing season progressed, reaching a peak in January. A significant association was found between F. hepatica and age at first calving.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that F. hepatica is present in a large proportion of Irish dairy herds and provides a basis on which control practices, particularly in adult dairy cows, can be reviewed.  相似文献   

A longitudinal assessment of the diet and growth of malnourished children participating in nutrition rehabilitation centres in Accra, Ghana     

Colecraft EK  Marquis GS  Bartolucci AA  Pulley L  Owusu WB  Maetz HM 《Public health nutrition》2004,7(4):487-494

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