A behavioural intervention incorporating specific glycaemic index goals improves dietary quality, weight control and glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes     

Miller CK  Headings A  Peyrot M  Nagaraja H 《Public health nutrition》2011,14(7):1303-1311

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Leukotoxins of gram-negative bacteria.   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

Sanjeev Kumar Narayanan  T G Nagaraja  M M Chengappa  George C Stewart 《Veterinary microbiology》2002,84(4):337-356

Leukotoxins are a group of exotoxins that produce their primary toxic effects against leukocytes, especially polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). Leukotoxins include a variety of chemicals ranging from 9,10-epoxy 12-octadecenoate, a fatty acid derivative secreted by leukocytes themselves, to proteins such as RTX (repeats in toxin). This review focuses on leukotoxins of three species of gram-negative bacteria, Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Fusobacterium necrophorum.  相似文献   

In vitro lactic acid inhibition and alterations in volatile fatty acid production by antimicrobial feed additives     

T G Nagaraja  M B Taylor  D L Harmon  J E Boyer 《Journal of animal science》1987,65(4):1064-1076

Batch culture fermentations were used to determine the effects of avoparcin, lasalocid, monensin, narasin, salinomycin, thiopeptin, tylosin, virginiamycin, monensin + tylosin combination, and two new ionophore compounds (RO22-6924/004 and RO21-6447/009) on lactic acid and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. Ruminal fluid from cattle fed a high alfalfa hay diet was incubated with glucose for 12 h in a buffered medium to determine the effect of antimicrobial compounds on lactic acid concentration. Fermentations treated with antimicrobial compounds had higher final pH and lower L(+) lactic acid concentration. Narasin and salinomycin were more inhibitory than other ionophore compounds. Monensin and tylosin in combination was more effective than monensin alone. Among the nonionophore compounds, avoparcin was the least effective and thiopeptin, tylosin and virginiamycin were extremely effective in reducing lactic acid concentration. Ruminal fluid from cattle fed a diet of alfalfa hay and grain (50:50) was incubated with a mixture of sugars, casein and urea for 12 h in a buffered medium to determine the effect of antimicrobial compounds on VFA production. Generally, total VFA concentration was not affected by antimicrobial compounds except RO22-6924/004, tylosin and virginiamycin, which caused a reduction at high concentrations. Tylosin, monensin and tylosin mixture, thiopeptin and virginiamycin at high concentrations (greater than 6.0 micrograms/ml) increased the acetate proportion. All compounds increased the molar proportion of propionate. Tylosin and virginiamycin at high concentrations (greater than 6.0 micrograms/ml) decreased the proportion of propionate. Monensin and tylosin in combination had no effect on propionate proportion. Among the compounds tested, narasin and salinomycin were the most effective in enhancing propionate proportion. Ionophore compounds were more inhibitory to butyrate production than the nonionophore compounds. Batch culture fermentations may be used to quantitate the relative efficacy of antimicrobial compounds to alter ruminal fermentation characteristics.  相似文献   

Endotoxin shock in calves from intravenous injection of rumen bacterial endotoxin.     

T G Nagaraja  E E Bartley  H D Anthony  H W Leipold  L R Fina 《Journal of animal science》1979,49(2):567-582

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DNA fingerprinting for differentiation of field isolates from reference vaccine strains of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

C J Kim  K V Nagaraja 《American journal of veterinary research》1990,51(2):207-210

The genomes from field isolates of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys and those of P multocida reference CU and M9 vaccine strains were analyzed and compared after cleavage with restriction endonucleases. The electrophoretic profiles obtained with DNA fragments from field isolates and vaccine strains of the same serotype were characteristic and reproducible. These features indicated the existence of differences among the isolates of the same serotype that cannot currently be detected, using available serotyping methods. However, several field isolates had electrophoretic profiles similar to those of either CU or M9 vaccine strain. It was concluded that restriction endonuclease analysis of DNA genomes from P multocida isolated from turkeys provides the information for differentiation of field isolates from vaccine strains of the same serotype.  相似文献   

Efficacy of infectious bronchitis virus vaccines against heterologous challenge   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M A Muneer  J A Newman  D A Halvorson  V Sivanandan  K V Nagaraja  C N Coon 《Research in veterinary science》1988,45(1):22-27

Twenty-four-week-old white Leghorn layers were inoculated subcutaneously with a killed Newcastle disease-infectious bronchitis (Massachusetts type) virus (MIBV) vaccine. Twenty-eight weeks after vaccination, the birds were challenged intraocularly with the Arkansas strain of infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV) to determine the effects of heterologous virus exposure on egg production, egg quality and serum antibody response of the birds. The challenged hens laid significantly (P less than 0.005) fewer eggs than the unchallenged layers. Eggs laid by the unchallenged groups weighed significantly more (P less than 0.005) than those laid by the challenged groups. Further, the internal quality (Haugh units) and shell quality of eggs laid by the AIBV-challenged hens was significantly (P less than 0.005) inferior to those from the unchallenged hens. In addition, the AIBV-challenged hens laid more soft-shell, misshapen and small eggs than the unchallenged hens. The Arkansas serum haemagglutination inhibition (AIBV-HI) titres of AIBV challenged birds increased up to four weeks after challenge. The corresponding MIBV haemagglutination-inhibition (MIBV-HI) titres decreased during the same period. The study indicates that killed MIBV vaccine offered no protection to birds exposed to heterologous AIBV.  相似文献   

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

C J Kim  K V Nagaraja  B S Pomeroy 《American journal of veterinary research》1991,52(7):1069-1074

An ELISA was developed and tested for its ability to detect antibodies against Salmonella enteritidis in chickens. Various features of the ELISA were evaluated and optimized. The outer membrane protein antigens selected by use of the protein immunoblotting method made the assay specific and sensitive. The assay was evaluated in chickens experimentally infected with S enteritidis. Blood samples collected at weekly intervals after experimental infection with S enteritidis were analyzed by ELISA. Results of the ELISA were compared with those of conventional serum plate and microagglutination tests. The ELISA was more sensitive and specific in the detection of S enteritidis infection than the other 2 conventional tests.  相似文献   

Phage-typing system for Salmonella hadar of animal origin     

K Bouzoubaa  K V Nagaraja  J A Newman  B S Pomeroy 《Avian diseases》1986,30(2):358-361

A phage-typing system for Salmonella hadar was developed. Fifteen phages isolated from untreated sewage were used to phage-type 55 isolates of S. hadar recovered from avian and other animal species. Twenty-four distinct phage types of S. hadar were established based on lysis patterns. Methods involved in the isolation for bacteriophages for a particular serotype and the importance of bacteriophage typing is discussed in the context of the importance of S. hadar.  相似文献   

Susceptibility of an avian pneumovirus isolated from Minnesota turkeys to physical and chemical agents     

Townsend E  Halvorson DA  Nagaraja KV  Shaw DP 《Avian diseases》2000,44(2):336-342

Survival characteristics of a Minnesota avian pneumovirus (APV) isolated from a turkey nasoturbinate, propagated in tissue culture, and exposed to various physiochemical treatments were determined. These characteristics included survivability under various conditions. Specifically, APV was viable at temperatures of -70 C and -20 C for over 26 wk, 4 C for less than 12 wk, 20 C for less than 4 wk, 37 C for 48 hr, and 50 C for less than 6 hr. In addition, APV survived 12 freeze/thaw cycles with no loss of activity. With a variable pH for 1 hr, the titer was unaffected between the levels of pH 5 and 9. Several disinfectants, including quaternary ammonia, ethanol, iodophor, a phenol derivative, a biguanide, and bleach, were all effective in reducing the viability of the virus. After 7 days of drying at room temperature, the APV remained viable and was recovered on cell culture.  相似文献   

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection in turkeys: immunoprophylaxis studies     

Sprenger SJ  Halvorson DA  Shaw DP  Nagaraja KV 《Avian diseases》2000,44(3):549-555

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale has been shown to cause serious clinical illness and is a significant concern to the turkey industry because of its potential economic impact. In this study, 6-wk-old turkeys were vaccinated intranasally with a live or subcutaneously with a killed O. rhinotracheale vaccine. At 14 or 21 wk of age, the birds were challenged intratracheally with live O. rhinotracheale. Airsacculitis and pneumonia occurred less frequently in vaccinated birds than in unvaccinated birds after challenge with O. rhinotracheale. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale was recovered from unvaccinated, challenged birds but not from vaccinated, challenged or from unchallenged birds. Thus, turkeys inoculated with live or killed O. rhinotracheale vaccine were protected from pathologic changes.  相似文献