Studies on avian leucosis complex: (autopsy incidence)     

K Viraraghavan  K P Nair 《The Indian veterinary journal》1965,42(12):901-908

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Evolution of Marek's disease -- a paradigm for incessant race between the pathogen and the host   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Nair V 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2005,170(2):175-183

Marek's disease (MD) is a highly contagious lymphoproliferative disease of poultry caused by the oncogenic herpesvirus designated Marek's disease virus (MDV). MD has a worldwide distribution and is thought to cause an annual loss over 1 bn US dollars to the poultry industry. Originally described as a paralytic disease, today MD is mostly manifested as an acute disease with tumours in multiple visceral organs. MD is controlled essentially by the widespread use of live vaccines administered either in ovo into 18-day-old embryos or into chicks immediately after they hatch. In spite of the success of the vaccines in reducing the losses from the disease in the last 30 years, MDV strains have shown continuous evolution in virulence acquiring the ability to overcome the immune responses induced by the vaccines. During this period, different generations of MD vaccines have been introduced to protect birds from the increasingly virulent MDV strains. However, the virus has countered each new vaccine with ever more virulent strains. This continuous race between the virus and the host is making the control of this poultry health problem a major challenge for the future.  相似文献   

A disease of poultry resembling 'Bangkok haemorrhagic disease of chickens'     

C G Sivadas  M K Nair  A Rajan  K M Ramachandran 《The Indian veterinary journal》1965,42(11):816-823

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Structure and mechanism of the lantibiotic cyclase involved in nisin biosynthesis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Li B  Yu JP  Brunzelle JS  Moll GN  van der Donk WA  Nair SK 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5766):1464-1467

Nisin is a posttranslationally modified antimicrobial peptide that is widely used as a food preservative. It contains five cyclic thioethers of varying sizes that are installed by a single enzyme, NisC. Reported here are the in vitro reconstitution of the cyclization process and the x-ray crystal structure of the NisC enzyme. The structure reveals similarities in fold and substrate activation with mammalian farnesyl transferases, suggesting that human homologs of NisC posttranslationally modify a cysteine of a protein substrate.  相似文献   

Dietary anthocyanin-rich tart cherry extract inhibits intestinal tumorigenesis in APC(Min) mice fed suboptimal levels of sulindac     

Bobe G  Wang B  Seeram NP  Nair MG  Bourquin LD 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(25):9322-9328

A promising approach for cancer chemoprevention might be a combination therapy utilizing dietary phytochemicals and anticarcinogenic pharmaceuticals at a suboptimal dosage to minimize any potential adverse side effects. To test this hypothesis, various dosages of anthocyanin-rich tart cherry extract were fed in combination with suboptimal levels of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sulindac to APCMin mice for 19 weeks. By the end of the feeding period, fewer mice that were fed the anthocyanin-rich extract in combination with sulindac lost more than 10% of body weight than mice fed sulindac alone. Mice that were fed anthocyanin-rich extract (at any dose) in combination with sulindac had fewer tumors and a smaller total tumor burden (total tumor area per mouse) in the small intestine when compared to mice fed sulindac alone. These results suggest that a dietary combination of tart cherry anthocyanins and sulindac is more protective against colon cancer than sulindac alone.  相似文献   

Diagnosis of paratuberculosis in goats by cell mediated immune response,conventional and molecular diagnostic techniques     

Rawther SS  Saseendranath MR  Nair GP  Tresamol PV  Pillai UN  Abraham J  Senthilkumar TM  Nagalakshmy S  Nimisha KK 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(4):911-914

In the present study efficacy of single intradermal Johnin test, acid fast staining of faecal smear and IS 900 faecal polymerase chain reaction tests was evaluated in 200 goats for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis. Two hundred goats comprising 150 goats from an organised farm in Trichur district and 50 goats reared under field condition at farmers premise from Malappuram district of Kerala state formed the study population. Faecal smear from all the 200 goats was stained by Ziehl–Neelsen acid fast stain and faecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific for M. avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP); IS 900 was performed on all samples. All the animals were subjected to single intradermal Johnin test. Out of 200 goats screened for paratuberculosis, six goats (3%), 11 goats (5.5%) and 42 goats (21%) were found positive by Ziehl–Neelsen acid fast staining of faecal smear, single intradermal Johnin test and IS 900 PCR respectively. Results of the present study indicate that amplification of IS 900 insertion element was the most specific and sensitive diagnostic detection method. Single intradermal Johnin test and Ziehl–Neelsen acid fast staining did not show any significant difference.  相似文献   

Carbon sequestration studies in agroforestry systems: a reality-check     

P. K. R. Nair 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,86(2):243-253

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Early antibody responses of cattle for foot-and-mouth disease quadrivalent double oil emulsion vaccine   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Patil PK  Bayry J  Nair SP  Gopalakrishna S  Sajjanar CM  Misra LD  Natarajan C 《Veterinary microbiology》2002,87(2):103-109

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The multiplicity of FMDV serotypes in animals poses a central problem in the policy of vaccination and is of much concern to health authorities. Hence it is the practice of vaccination with polyvalent vaccine for prophylactic measure. In the present report, we analysed the early antibody responses elicited by FMDV quadrivalent (FMDV O, A, C and Asia 1 serotypes) double emulsion (Montanide ISA 206) vaccines in cattle. We observed variations between various viral serotypes in eliciting early antibody response although neutralizing antibody response against all the four serotypes were detected as early as fourth day following vaccination. The duration of immunity also appeared to maintain for long period. The neutralizing antibody titres were maintained well above 2log(10) even after 6 months of vaccination irrespective of serotypes. Thus, allows the possibilities of two vaccinations per year for the maintenance of herd immunity.  相似文献   

Alley cropping of maize with calliandra and leucaena in the subhumid highlands of Kenya: Part 2. Biomass decomposition, N mineralization, and N uptake by maize     

D. N. Mugendi  P. K. R. Nair  J. N. Mugwe  M. K. O'Neill  M. J. Swift  P. Woomer 《Agroforestry Systems》1999,46(1):51-64

A major challenge in developing agroforestry approaches that utilize tree-leaf biomass for provision of N to crops is to ensure synchrony between the N released from decomposing prunings and N demand by crops. A study was conducted in the subhumid highlands of Kenya to assess the rate of decomposition and mineralization of soil-incorporated Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner (calliandra) and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (leucaena) tree biomass and maize roots (Zea mays L.) both in an alley cropping and a sole cropping system. The amount of mineralized N peaked four weeks after planting (WAP) maize in all the treatments during both seasons of 1995. Cumulative mineralized N at week 20 ranged from 114 to 364 kg N ha⁻¹ season⁻¹, the absolute control treatment giving the lowest and the prunings-incorporated treatments giving the highest amounts in the two seasons. Total N uptake by maize, ranging from 42 to 157 kg ha⁻¹ season⁻¹, was lowest in the 'alley-cropped, prunings-removed' treatments, and highest in the 'non alley-cropped-prunings-incorporated' treatments. The apparent N recovery rate by maize was highest in the fertilizer applied treatments in the two seasons. Decomposition rate constants (kD) ranged from 0.07 to 0.21 week⁻¹, and the rates among the different plant residues were as follows: leucaena < calliandra < maize roots. Nitrogen release rate constants (kN), ranging from 0.04 to 0.25 week⁻¹, followed a similar pattern as the rate of decomposition with leucaena releasing the highest amount of N followed by calliandra and lastly by maize roots. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Protein markers of Marteilia sydneyi infection in Sydney rock oysters, Saccostrea glomerata     

M Simonian  S V Nair  W A O'Connor  D A Raftos 《Journal of fish diseases》2009,32(4):367-375

Marteilia sydneyi is the causative agent of QX disease in Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata . It is responsible for disease outbreaks among oysters that occur during summer and can result in up to 95% mortality. QX disease has significantly decreased S. glomerata production in some areas of Australia's eastern seaboard over the past 30 years. Marteilia sydneyi sporulates in the digestive gland of oysters leading to complete disorganization of the infected tissues. The current study used proteomics to identify potential molecular markers of sporulating M. sydneyi infection during a field trial undertaken in the Georges River, Sydney, between December 2006 and May 2007. Early stages of M. sydneyi infection were detected by polymerase chain reaction, whilst cytological examination was used to identify sporulating M. sydneyi in the gut. Protein expression in oyster haemolymph was assessed during the M. sydneyi infection period by two dimensional electrophoresis. Proteome maps identified significant differences in the expression of four proteins in oysters with sporulating M. sydneyi infections.  相似文献